Menstrual Cycle in Female Workers

Menstrual disorders are abnormalities that occur in the menstrual cycle. There are various menstrual disorders that women can experience, ranging from too little or too much menstrual blood, painful menstruation, to depression before menstruation or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Physical activity is divided into three levels, namely light, moderate and heavy physical activity. Physical activity of heavy intensity can cause physiological disorders of the menstrual cycle. Presence of menstruation (amenorrhoea), thinning of the bones (osteoporosis), menstrual irregularities or intermenstrual bleeding, abnormal growth of the uterine wall, and infertility.

Selected Vertebratepests and Their Control in Targetedareas of Dist Toba Tek Singh, Punjab Pakistan

Vertebrate pests e.g. rodents, rabbits, bats, birds, ungulates etc. cause major problem for humans, agriculture & environment. In this study, only mouse and rabbits were selected for the study of their biology and how they can be controlled to obviate the damage they cause to agriculture and its by-products. They are found freely on terrestrial ecosystem, mainly in food crops, warehouses, gardens, in homes etc. Mainly they live by digging holes or by making tunnels in the ground. They are smaller sized mammals but most active around the clock. They have sharp teeth, well adapted sense of smell and hearing. They have whiskers on their mouth that provide special sense to run away from threat place or to detect what is happening around. Mice are mainly nocturnal & their presence can be detected by several ways like tracks, burrows, gnawing activity, and faecal droppings. Rabbit presence can also be detected by faeces, tunnels, tracks etc. Mice are sporadic feeders. Their diet mainly consist of cereals, dry fruits, nuts, butter etc., while rabbits are opportunistic feeders, mainly herbivores found eating grasses, fruits, vegetables etc. As they are part of nature and are necessary to maintain balance in ecosystem, aesthetic value of nature, but they become most irritating when they rush to human localities and found causing damage there. They are very active and motile and sometimes it becomes difficult to observe their activities. By practising a single method to control them and avoid damage they are causing is mostly insufficient. To trap them, several different strategies are adopted so that they can be managed properly and amount of loss can be reduced. Mostly they infect humans by causing diseases to them directly or indirectly, moreover they spoil food, damage the crops, and destroy warehouses & the risk increases many times if they destroy the seeds that have to be sown in the next growing season. Several methods can be applied to control these pests that are practically very important against them. These methods include cage trapping, habitat modification, and control by using rodenticides, anticoagulants and other toxins. Biological control is most safe way to manage them, as no risk factors are involved in this strategy. Predators like hawks, fox, wild cats and dogs etc. are introduced in affected area for selected vertebrate pests (mouse and rabbit) to get rid of them effectively. Their predators easily locate and prey on these pests.