یہ وہ دعا ہے جو والدین نے سب سے پہلے سکھائی تھی۔ والدہ محترمہ جب بھی کھانا دیتی تھیں تو پہلے یہی پوچھتی تھیں کہ دعا پڑھ لی؟ والد محترم تو جلی حروف میں یہ دعا پڑھتے اور کھانا شروع کرتے ۔ یہ ہے پرانے وقتوں میں سکھانے کا انداز ۔ دعا کا تو ذکر آ گیا ورنہ ہر گھر میں بڑی بوڑھیاں تربیت کے یہی گر اختیار کرتی تھیں اور اس کے نتائج بھی شاندار رہتے تھے۔ انتساب والدین کے نام کرنے کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ خدا کی حمد و ثنا اور خاتم النبیین ؐ، رحمت اللعالمیؐن پر درود و سلام کے بعد اپنے اپنے والدین کو یاد کیجیے۔ اگر وہ حیات ہیں تو ان کی درازی عمر کے لیے دعا کیجیے اور اگر اس دنیا سے رخصت ہو چکے ہیں تو ان کے لیے دعا کیجیے کہ اے رب ہمارے والدین کی قبروں کو جنت کے باغوں میں سے ایک باغ بنا دے اور ان کے لیے جنت کی راہیں آسان بنا دے۔ آمین ثم آمین۔
فکر اقبال متعدد صفات سے متصف ہے۔ اقبال نے اپنے افکار کی پرورش کے لیے اردو اور فارسی شاعری کا ذریعہ اختیار کیا ۔ دونوں جگہ اقبال کی شاعری کا نکتہ توحید، رسالت اور امت مسلمہ کی بیداری رہا۔ اس کے لیے اقبال کبھی خودی کا راستہ سجھاتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں تو کہیں شاہین و عقاب کہہ کر نو جوانوں کا لہو گرماتے ہیں۔ کبھی جذبہ حریت بیدارکرتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں تو کبھی غیرت کو بڑی چیز قرار دے کر حوصلہ بلند کرتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔ میر کارواں کو دل نوازی کا درس دیا تا کہ عوام نہ تو حرم سے بدگماں ہو اور نہ ہی کارواں سے ٹوٹنے کا خیال اس کے دل میں جگہ پاسکے۔ رخت سفر کے لیے میر کارواں کو درس دیا کہ وہ...
In Pakistan, the financial issues of married working women are rarely discussed. There is an absence of literature on the subject. Nevertheless, the social sciences literature has been debating financial aspect of gender, either from the perspective of employer or employee; ignoring the working women’s reservations regarding their financial contribution in their marital life, particularly with reference to spouse and in-laws expectations. This issue becomes more acute when it comes to patriarchal conservative developing societies. This study is a delicate attempt to understand the magnitude of financial support of Pakistani married working women for spouse and in-laws, in the city of Lahore. In routine, the husband as well as the in-laws expect that a working wife should surrender her income, in entirety or partially towards the household budget, thus taking the financial responsibility of her spouse along with his extended family. Such financial misgivings create tensions and pressure for the already burdened woman having a disadvantaged status. In certain cases, the contribution is by free will of the wife, as well. This research will make an attempt through a survey with 50 married working women of different social classes, residing in Lahore. The purpose is to understand the rationale of approval or disapproval of this practice. Refusal for cooperation often create problems for the earning woman, even at the risk of separation or divorce, or at the least, tensions in the married life. At the end, the study will debate over possible adjustments and compromises, which could reduce tense situation for the married working woman, and at the same time maintaining her financial independence.
Urdu Short Stories and Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is the main theme of this thesis which has been tried to be explored in its various forms in Urdu short stories. First chapter discusses definitions, ancient, modern and Islamic concepts of freedom of expression and limitations. A historical overview of freedom of expression along with restrictions imposed in various ages has been taken into account. People who lost their lives in their struggle for freedom of expression have also been discussed in this chapter. This chapter also includes discussion on Russian literature and banned works. Third chapter encompasses freedom of expression, restriction imposed by the state and Urdu short stories starting from Prem Chand and 'Angary' and continues with a discussion on works by progressive movement. During the army rules short story writers, playwrights, poets and authors were detained and exiled. Their jobs were terminated and they were imprisoned on different charges. Religious, gender, psychological and sexual issues and autonomy of opinion is the theme of fourth chapter. Though religion is the ultimate reality but the followers of religion create hindrances in the way of expressing feelings by imposing self-created restrictions. This issue has been discussed along with Pakistani society which is a male dominated society where emergence of such issues is an ancient concept. It was a matter of great concern for researcher to include a discussion on sexual and psychological issue to understand them and discuss ways and means of expressing such feelings in short stories. Fifth chapter discusses differences emerged from class-based society of sub-continent, feudalism, capitalism which resulted in confrontation between landowner and tenants, industrialists and workers. Restrictions surfaced from such issues were highlighted in short stories which make a part of discussion in this thesis. Last chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of freedom of expression in Urdu short stories.