COMPARISON OF THE LEVEL OF BURNOUT AMONG THE ACADEMIC AND CLINICAL PHYSICAL THERAPISTS

Aims of Study: To compare the level of burnout among the academic and clinical physical therapists. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020. Data was collected from physical therapists working in the universities and hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data was collected from 278 participants. Maslach burnout inventory scale was used to measure the level of burnout which was analyzed using SPSS statistics 21.  Results: The mean value of emotional exhaustion for clinical physical therapists was 20.02 ± 8.08 and for academic physical therapist was 18.6 ± 6.57 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value for depersonalization for clinical physical therapists was 9.22 ± 5.17 and for academic 9.29 ± 5.07 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value of personal accomplishment for clinical physical therapists and academic physical therapists was 35.43 ± 7.715 and 35.74 ± 6.49 respectively with non-significant p value (p˃0.05). Limitations and Future Implications: It was conducted for specific time period which not record the overall or yearly impact of burnout on participants. So time lapse and longitudinal study should be done. Originality: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists. Conclusion: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists.

Cultural Marxism: Pursuit of Pleasure Principle in Uzma Aslam Khan's Trespassing And Geometry of God

Cultural Marxism: Pursuit of Pleasure Principle in Uzma Aslam Khan's Trespassing And Geometry of God This study explores the impact of Cultural Marxism: the way pleasure principle has been displayed in contemporary Pakistani fiction, especially two novels of Uzma Aslam Khan, Trespassing and Geometry of God. This study is concerned with the impact of linguistic practices of parents and elders on the life and activities of their children. The research starts with questions which are concerned with the factors responsible for pursuit of pleasure principle by characters in the novels of Khan. It also deals with the use of ideologically contested vocabulary and its significance in moulding the thoughts of young characters. Literature related to importance of culture in the life of human beings, language as a part of culture, effectiveness of language in moulding thoughts of people, process of socialization, role of parents and environment in socialization of children, social change and role played by language in introducing social change, forms part of critical discussion in chapter two. While chapter three is concerned with the methodology adopted for analysis of the novels. The study makes use of framework of Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough under the umbrella term of poststructuralism in the light of Sigmund Freud's theory of pleasure principle for analysis of linguistic practices of characters in the novels of Khan. Based on the analysis and interpretation of novels in chapter four: in chapter five conclusion is drawn which makes explicit that unconscious and careless linguistic practices of parents and elders, their unfulfilled desires in the past, their social commitments and lack of restriction on their children; are various factors which put children in pursuit of pleasure principle in their practical life. In this way, parents, elders and children introduce counter discourse based on pursuit of pleasure principle to the established discourse of values and norms in upper middle class of Pakistani society, as depicted in the two novels of Khan.