شیخ عبداﷲ
کشمیر کی گل پوشی وادی کے شیر شیخ عبداﷲ اس دارفانی سے کوچ کرکے اب وہاں ہیں جہاں ایک روز سب کو جاکر بارگاہ ایزدی میں اپنا اپنا اعمال نامہ پیش کرنا ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمت بے پایاں سے سرفراز فرمائیں، آمین۔
نجی مجلسوں میں اکثر یہ گفتگو رہتی ہے کہ ہندوستان میں انیسویں صدی میں جتنی عظیم اور قدر آور شخصیتیں پیدا ہوئیں، اتنی بیسویں صدی میں نہ ہوسکیں، مگر اس صدی میں جو چند عظیم المرتبت شخصیتیں پیدا ہوئیں، ان میں شیخ عبداﷲ بھی تھے، ان کی زندگی شروع سے فعال، متحرک اور ہنگامہ پرور رہی، اپنی جوانی میں مہاراجہ کشمیر کی استبدادیت سے ٹکرلی اور جیل گئے، پاکستان کی تحریک اور اس کے قیام کے بعد محمد علی جناح سے بھی تصادم مول لیا، ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد کشمیر کا الحاق ہندوستان سے کرکے اپنے سیکولرزم کا ثبوت دیا، اور پاکستان سے جنگ بھی کی، لیکن پھر کشمیر کی مخصوص حیثیت کی خاطر، اپنے دوست پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو سے بھی ان کی وزارت عظمٰی کے زمانہ میں سیاسی اور دستوری نبرد آزمائی کی جس کے نتیجہ میں اپنی جوانی کے بہترین ایام قید اور نظربندی کی صورتوں میں گزارے، حکومت ہند سے ان کی معرکہ آرائی الف لیلیٰ کی داستان سے کم نہیں، جھپٹے، پلٹے، پلٹ کر جھپٹے، چھپٹ کر پلٹے، کشمیر کے عوام کے استصواب رائے، حق خود اختیاری اور سرزمین کشمیر کی آزادی کے نعرے بلند کرتے رہے، مگر جب یہ فضا میں صرف گونج کررہ گئے، تو پھر حکومت سے مصالحت کرلی، کشمیر کے وزیراعظم تو نہیں، لیکن وزیراعلیٰ بن گئے، اور اسی حیثیت سے ان کی وفات بھی ہوئی، اور جنازہ بھی اٹھا، جس کے بے پناہ ہجوم سے کشمیر میں ان کی محبوبیت کا اندازہ ہوا۔
وزیراعلیٰ کی حیثیت سے ان کا زریں...
The importance and authenticity of the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) in the Muhammadan Ummah is an undisputed fact. A large number of Muḥaddithīn and imams spent their lives in collecting and editing the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) and compiled a collection of hadiths. These hadiths were classified according to their health and weakness. Due to the efforts of the imams, there are hadiths narrated from the Messenger of Allah on all sciences and knowledge and issues and rulings. Among them are Hadith Qudsī, Ma‘rūf, Mawkūf, Maktū‘, Saḥiḥ, Ḥasan Za‘īf and all other types of Hadith. The same Hadith e Qudsīyyah also includes a Hadith Lawlāk "لولاک" refers to those hadiths in which the Prophet ﷺ has been described as the cause of the creation of the universe and the origin of the universe. That is the hadith in which Allah Almighty has related the Prophet (PBUH) as the reason for creating the universe and its beings. However, the words of "Hadith e Lawlāk" The authenticity of the hadith has been made a subject of discussion. Some imams have declared this hadith to be weak and some have also said that it is valid. However, a large number of scholars have agreed on the authenticity of this hadith and the hadith has been declared correct in terms of meaning and has been recorded in the books of hadith, biographies and interpretations and other subject books. In the article under review, the sayings of Imams on the health and weakness of Hadith Lawlāk have been presented and research analysis of the said Hadith has been done through simulation and rational arguments.
In the recent past various researches have been conducted regarding the concept of matching/mismatching of teaching and learning styles; and its role in teaching learning process. Some of these researches emphasize that matching of teaching and learning styles in institutional academic programs help in improving students‘ academic performance and developing their interest and motivation towards learning. However some researchers oppose any such role and argue that there is no solid empirical evidence to conform to this idea of teaching learning styles.The researcher, therefore, decided to examine the relation of teaching learning styles with students‘ academic performance by conducting this causal-comparative research to put forth some further evidences across Pakistani culture. The overall purpose of the study was to explore the effect of matching/mismatching of teaching and learning styles on students‘ academic achievement in higher education. The study was causal- comparative in nature to study the cause and effect relationship between matching/mismatching of teaching learning styles and students‘ academic achievement. The sample for this study consisted of 120 teachers and 240 students of BS-4 year program in four disciplines (Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Mathematics) from six public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Felder-Solomon Index of Learning Style (FSILS) was used for the identification of learning styles of students while Teaching Style Instrument developed by Letele et al. (2011) was used to identify teachers‘ teaching styles. These styles of students and teachers were then analyzed to see if they matched or mismatched. In order to see the effect of matching/mismatching on students‘ academic achievement, the final score of the students in the subjects taught by the teachers participating in the study was considered. The collected data was then tabulated and organized across various tables. Data analysis was made with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social sciences). For comparing means, t-test for independent samples was used. The results showed that Visual learning style was the most favorite learning style followed by Balanced and Sensing learning style. Teaching style analysis showed that Visual teaching style was the most favorite style followed by Abstract and Sequential teaching styles. Group statistics indicated 42.75% matched cases and 57.25% mismatched cases. T-test for independent samples revealed a significant difference (p=.000) between the mean scores of matched group and mismatched group of students; and it was concluded that the students with matched learning styles performed significantly better than students with mismatched learning styles. In light of the findings, recommendations were advanced for teachers, students, educationists, researchers and policy makers.