اپنی مثال آپ
ڈاکٹر غلام شبیر اسدؔ
ہر چند شاعری تخلیقی محرک کی محتاج ہوتی ہے مگر موضوعی شاعری دراصل اس وقت زور دارہوتی ہے جب فیضان و عقل، جذبِ درروں اور بیدار قوتِ فیصلہ یا پھرشعور و لاشعور کے دھارے آپس میں مل جاتے ہیں۔یہ وہ مقام ہوتا ہے جہاں عرفان و وجدان اور فہم وخرد کی توانائی ایک دوسرے کو سہارتے ہوئے باہم آمیز ہو جاتے ہیں۔یہ حقائق اپنی جگہ بجا لیکن جب بھی کسی تخلیق کار کو اخلاقی موضوع کا سامنا کرنا ہوتا ہے تو شرطِ اوّل کے طور پر ذہنی وقلبی،نزہت و متانت ، نیاز مندی ،عاجزی و انکساری اور مثالی اسلوبِ کلام کا حامل ہونا لازم آتا ہے۔متحرک و منور اسلوب کی بنیادی غذا ،تخلیق کار کی شخصیت، حُبِ موضوع ،مقام کا حاملعلم و کردار ،تقویٰ و ایمان ،طبعی مناسبت، تہذیب کے اِساسی زاویوں سے آگاہی اور وفورِ شوق سے تیار ہوتی ہے۔اردو نعتیہ سرمائے کی متنوع جہات میں سیرتِ النبیﷺ کے حتی الامکان پہلوئوںکواجاگر کرنا کسی بھی شاعر کے لیے آزمائش سے کم نہیں ، پھر اس سے بڑی آزمائش ہیئت مسدس میں اظہار، جس کا مزاج ہمیشہ متقاضی رہا ہے کہ مترنم اور رواں دواں وسہل اوزان کے ساتھ ساتھ دلوں میںاترتا شفاف کومل لہجہ اورآبِ زُلال سے دھلی زبان شیتل سی مخمور لے پوری قدرتوں کے ساتھ بہم ہو۔میں سمجھتا ہوں کہ یہ سب لطائفِ پر نور روحِ بندگی سے میسر آتے ہیں۔ اگر ایسا نہ ہو تو معلومات کو شعر میں لانے سے ثقالت کا احساس حاوی رہتا ہے، جس کامسدس متحمل نہیں ہو سکتا۔
انھی موضوعی اور معروضی خوبیوں کے سبب پورے وثوق سے کہا جا سکتا ہے کہ مسدس ہی ایک ایسی صنفِ سخن ہے جسے دنیا بھر کی مستند و اعلیٰ نظموں کے مدِ مقابل رکھا جاسکتا ہے۔
انیس، دبیر حالی ، چکبست ،امانت...
الملخص:
يقدم البحث رؤية نقدية بمنظار المقاربة الجمالية لأهم علامات التواصل الأيقوني –الصورة الفوتوغرافية، وبما تقدم من العرض عن مفهوم الصورة والكلمة بوصفهما وسط نسيجي مركب من العلامة الكلمية والصورية المتداخلة؛ لطبيعتهما السيميائية، وتداولها خطاباً يثري السرد ويغني الأحداث بتوجهه الدلالي، وبما تحمله الصورة من كفاءة وقوة بإيقاع النظام التواصلي، وما يكمن فيها من عناصر إفهاميه تمكّن من ادراك البعد المقصدي، وما لها من تأثير على القارئ وتوجيه لما فيه فائدة اجتماعية وإنسانية ونفسية، لذا فقد تمركزت محاور البحث على وصف الرسالة البصرية القائمة على اهم المحاور الكلاسيكة التي ابتدعها جاكبسون: المرسل (مبتدع النص)، المرسل اليه (المتلقي)، الرسالة (الصورة/ الكلمة)، والتركيز على اهم المرتكزات الثلاث (الصورة/ الكلمة) بوصفهما اشتغالا في المقاربة السيميولوجية، ضمن مجال البلاغة الرمزية ومدى تفوقهما في استحضار المعنى وقوفا عند الصورة الفوتوغرافية بالاعتماد على اهم أيقوناتها عبر بنية النص الصغرى والتي تجعلها اكثر استنطاقا بمهارة الفواعل الدرامية للصورة الفوتوغرافية عند تفكيك عناصرها واعادة تركيبها ضمن تكوينها الاوحد من اجل تقديم فعلا حركياً يضفي على الحكائية التوسع في السرد وتفاعلها مع بنية النص الكبرى، لذا يصبح القارئ امام شبكة متداخلة من مظاهر الحكي، فتشكل رؤية وبعداً فنياً يريد الكاتب إيصالها إليه بعدما اصبحت ظاهرة في نصه الروائي، لتختتم دراسة البحث حول اهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الباحث.
In this study, preparation and optimization of hydrogel formulations of chitosan/sodium alginate, chitosan/eudragit-L100 and chitosan/gelatin hydrogel films, containing metformin through solvent evaporation technique were developed, using central composite factorial design. Genipin was used as a crosslinking agent in all formulations. At first, low and high molecular weight (MW) chitosan was used as the polymer in different concentrations with Na-alginate to formulate chitosan/Na-alginate hydrogel films. Effect of low and high molecular weight chitosan was investigated in formulation development and drug release. Drug release kinetics were evaluated in the simulated gastric and intestinal medium at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. For low MW chitosan hydrogels, highest drug release was observed at pH 1.2 i.e., 9.82 % for 2 hours while at pH 7.4, 95.52 % drug release was observed after 12 hours. In the case of high MW chitosan hydrogel, 9.67 % drug release was observed at pH 1.2 for 2 hours and 90.63 % drug release at pH 7.4 after 12 hours. The highest T50% (the time for 50 % of drug release) of low MW and high MW chitosan hydrogel was observed as 22.72 and 33.34 hours, respectively, while the highest dynamic swelling was observed as 8.21 and 7.9, respectively. It was found that by changing the ratio of polymers as well as crosslinking agent, the release rate of metformin can be modified. Low MW chitosan hydrogel showed an increased release rate when compared with high MW chitosan hydrogel. Also, by increasing the concentration of the crosslinking agent, the release rate was found to be decreased and vice versa. Further high molecular weight chitosan was used in the preparation and optimization of chitosan/eudragit L-100 and chitosan/gelatin hydrogel films based on the results of chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel. Chitosan/eudragit L-100 hydrogel films were subjected to evaluate drug release in the simulated gastric medium and intestinal medium at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Effect of variables on T50% and dynamic swelling were studied by using regression analysis and surface plots for optimum formulation selection. During the first 2 hours, initial burst release was observed from PECs in a gastric simulated environment and slow release during the other 10 hours in simulated intestinal fluid. Polymers used in this study showed significant influence on T50% and dynamic swelling of the hydrogel. The highest value of T50% and dynamic swelling was observed at 9.89 and 7.86 hours, respectively. Results showed that change in polymers ratio and cross-linker concentration can affect the drug release in hydrogel.Chitosan/gelatin hydrogel films were subjected to study the drug release in the simulated gastric medium for 3 hours at pH 1.2. Effect of variables was evaluated by regression analysis and surface plots to select the optimum formulation. In first 2 hours, hydrogel showed burst release and drug release reached 100 % within 3 hours’ time in the gastric simulated environment. By changing the polymer ratios and crosslinking concentration a significant influence on T50% and dynamic swelling of hydrogel was observed. The highest T50% and dynamic swelling was observed at 40.23 and 9.1 min, respectively. It was noted that the release rate of metformin cloud be modified by changing the polymer and cross-linker concentration. Surface morphology of the optimized hydrogels was studied using an electron microscope to investigate the uniform presence of drug crystals in the hydrogel matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for confirmation of ionic and hydrogen bonding between crosslinking agent and polymers leaving the drug intact in the matrix system. Thermal analysis, DSC were performed on polymers and hydrogel films to investigate the amorphous and crystalline behavior, polymorph and eutectic transitions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the uniform drug distribution. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed on optimized formulations to evaluate any toxic effects due to crosslinking agent and polymers in the hydrogel formulation. The clinical findings revealed no significant changes in complete analysis of blood, biochemical analysis and metabolic biomarkers. Histopathological findings revealed no signs of hemorrhage, lesion and tissue structure changes within the organ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics evaluation of metformin was performed in rabbit plasma. Samples were estimated for blood glucose levels done by glucose oxidase method and drug plasma concentration was evaluated using sensitive HPLC method with UV detection. Plasma samples were prepared by precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile. Reverse phase chromatography technique with a silica gel column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at 30 ºC was used for separation purpose. A mixture of methanol and phosphate buffer with pH adjusted to 3.8 was used as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and UV detector wavelength was adjusted at 240 nm. The calibration curve was linear in a range of 0.1-1 µg/ml with R² = 0.9982. The precision (RSD, %) values were less than 2 %, whereas, the accuracy of the method was higher than 92.37 %. The percentage recovery values ranged between 90.14 % and 94.97 %. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 25 ng/ml and 60 ng/ml, respectively. Cmax and AUC0-t values were found to be 1154.67 ± 243.37 ng/ml and 7281.83 ± 210.84 ng/ml.h, respectively. The in-vivo pharmacokinetic profile of optimized chitosan hydrogel formulations T1 (chitosan/gelatin hydrogel), T2 (chitosan/Na-alginate hydrogel) and T3 (chitosan/eudragit L-100 hydrogel) after oral administration showed significant differences in plasma levels of T1, T2 and T3. The plasma level of T1 reached its maximum concentration (867.28 ± 7.78 µg/ml) in 3 hours after oral administration while maximum concertation of T2 was observed 794.23 ± 7.53 in 4 hours of oral administration. T3 showed maximum concentration 680.61 ± 6.78 at 6 hours that was lower than that of T1 and T2 that showed incomplete absorption. For hydrogels T3, maximum concentration (680.61 ± 6.78 µg/ml) was observed at 6 hour and slow decrease in drug concentration was noticed even at 24 hours after administration. Non-significant differences were found in the fall of blood sugar levels with T1, T2 and T3 in comparison with the control and evaluated by Dunnett’s test. It was observed that different formulations, with different drug release rates, showed a different pattern in the hypoglycemic effect of the drug due to variable bioavailability with respect to the oral solution of drug.