ابن خرداذبہ اور ان كى كتاب المسالك والممالك: تاریخى وتنقیدى جائزہ

Ibn Khurdathba was a man with variable culture, he had an important role in the science of geography especially (knowing of the roads, locations of the cities, weather in addition to the news of general history and some arts like (music and singing )  The growth of Ibn Khurdathba in a family worked in the military field, close to the royal court has helped him to start his practical life early and allowed him also to contact with caliphs, ministers and writers in addition to occupying of the significant positions in the state, making it easier to get information from their original resources. Ibn Khurdathba has descended from Persian family lately entered into Islam۔ One of earliest geographical works of this period, his famous Kitab al- Masalik wa’l= Mamalik’. It gives a summary of the main trade routes of the Arab world and in addition provides description of such distant China, Korea and Japan. This article attempts his life and his “Al masalik wa al mamalik” book, varies sides.

Prevalence and Correlates of Comorbid Depression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Attending Clinic at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes affects 500,000 people in Kenya and is a single cause of morbidity and mortality. It also co-exists with depression, increasing the disease severity and the likelihood of a lower quality of life. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to examine the depression prevalence as well as factors associated with depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes attending clinic at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi (AKUHN). The study also assessed the differences in depression severity with Type 2 diabetes alone and with Type 2 diabetes and other comorbid conditions. Methodology: An analytic cross-sectional methodology was used. A closed-ended interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The prevalence of depression was calculated using frequency distribution. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the variables of interest and comorbid depression and Type 2 diabetes, at the bivariate and multivariate levels. Chi-square was used to assess the difference in depression severity between those with depression as the only comorbidity and those with multiple comorbidities. Results: Prevalence of depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes attending clinic at AKUHN was 21.94%. There was no difference in the severity of depression between Type 2 diabetes patients with depression as the only co-morbidity and those with multiple co-morbidities (χ2=1.29, df=1, p=0.256). The type of hypoglycemic drug used was the only variable that was statistically significantly associated with depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes. Those who used injectable medication had a 2.20 higher odds of being depressed [CI: 1.10 – 4.39, p=0.026], compared to those using oral hypoglycemics. Conclusion: No differences were captured in relation to the severity of depression between patients with depression as the only co-morbidity and those with multiple co-morbidities. Routine screening for and management of depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes should be instituted at AKUHN and across the country, to ensure early detection and intervention.