پچھلی رُت
پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو
کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا
تُو بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا
میں بھی نہیں ہوں پہلے جیسا
ہر کونپل اک سوچ میں گم ہے
سوکھے پتّے دیکھ رہے ہیں
جب تُو مجھ کو چھوڑگیا تھا
پتّے سارے سوکھ گئے تھے
کیا غم تھا سب ٹوٹ گئے تھے
آنکھوں کا دریا جاری تھا
کس خواہش کا خون ہوا تھا
بلبل گانا بھول گئی تھی
پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو
کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا
پچھلی رُت میں ساتھ تھے دونوں
اب میں تنہا ، تُو بھی تنہا
پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو
کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا
Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food. In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include: Electrical stunning, Gas stunning, Percussive stunning. There are three opinions of Islamic scholars about stunning. Those scholars; who do not allow stunning at all; are of the view that the method of rendering animals unconscious before slaughter is against the shairah method and Sunnah, and it is Makrooh e Teḥreemi. Before slaughtering, if an animal died due to stunning, then that animal is carcass and is not allowed to be eaten. But, if before slaughter, ḥayat e Mustaqirrah is present in animal and it is slaughtered in that condition then it is permissible to eat it. Certain scholars allow stunning in certain situations with some terms and conditions. The decisions of Mjam e Faqhiyyah of modern age are also based on conditional permission. Moreover, Mufti Muḥammad Taqi Usmani, Dr. Wahabah Zoḥaili and Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz agree with conditional permission, while some other scholars allow all types of stunning without any condition; Mufti Muḥammad Abduho and his pupil Allamah Rasheed Raza Miṣri agree with later opinion.
Introduction Marbofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent which is very effective against a broad range of bacterial pathogens. The pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin is not conducted up till now in domestic ruminant species. So, there is a need to conduct pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin in order to select optimal dosage regimen in indigenous species. Objectives The study was conducted to compare inter and intra species variations of pharmacokinetic parameters and to select the dosage regimen of marbofloxacin in domestic ruminant species. Study Design Experimental study Setting Department of Pharmacology, Al-Nafees Medical College/Isra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad and Livestock Experimental Farm, Institute of Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Duration July 2012 to December 2015. vii Material & Methods Thirty two adult, healthy, non-lactating females, animals were selected. 8 from each species of buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats of local breed. Marbofloxacin was injected as a single intravenous injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to each animal. Blood and urine samples were collected at specific time intervals. The concentration of marbofloxacin in blood and urine were determined by HPLC method. Data were subjected to computer software WinNonlin® to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters. Inter and intra species differences were observed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. . Results The low values of t1/2a suggested the rapid distribution of marbofloxacin in all four species. The values for the elimination half life (t1/2b) were insignificant to each other in all tested species. The volume of distribution at terminal phase (Vdarea) and at steady state (Vss) was comparable (p>0.05) and higher (p<0.05) in sheep and goats followed in descending order in cows and buffaloes indicating the well distribution and deep tissue penetration of drug. However, the mean values for Vc were remarkably higher in sheep (2.5±0.14 L/kg) followed by goats (2.21±0.11 L/kg) and parallel values in buffaloes (0.76±0.013 L/kg) and cows (0.88±0.02 L/kg). Total body clearance (ClB) was expressed as L/h/kg, and it showed the similar pattern to Vdarea and Vss in local ruminants. The value of AUC was viii significantly (p<0.05) higher in buffaloes (8.37±0.50 μg.h/mL) followed by cows (4.46±0.30 μg.h/mL), and parallel (p>0.05) values in sheep (2.08±0.05 μg.h/mL) and goats (2.16±0.04 μg.h/mL). In vitro the values of plasma protein binding of marbofloxacin were 32.2%, 27.01%, 20.15% and 21.17% in buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 values for marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus species were observed to be 0.5 and 1.0μg/ml respectively with MIC range of 0.125-2.0 μg/mL. Endogenous creatinine was used as an index of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and recorded to be 0.87 ± 0.06 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 0.98 ± 0.05 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.29 ± 0.079 mL/min/kg in sheep and 1.49 ± 0.103 mL/min/kg in goats. The renal clearance of marbofloxacin was measured as 1.96 ± 0.51 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 2.08 ± 0.46 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.83 ± 0.54 mL/min/kg in sheep, 2.15 ± 0.53 mL/min/kg in goats. In the renal handling of marbofloxacin, glomerular filtration and tubular secretion were involved in all ruminant species. Conclusion The dosage regimen of marbofloxacin was higher in domestic ruminants as compared to its foreign counterparts. Keywords Marbofloxacin, Domestic Animals, Pharmacokinetics, Renal Clearanc, HPLC.