پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
ناطق کے پاس علم کا وسیع خزانہ موجود ہے۔ جب ان کا ناول’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘ میں نے پڑھا تو مجھے بھی اس بات سے اتفاق ہوا کہ واقعی ناطق ایک انوکھے شخص ہیں جو علم و حکمت کی دولت سے زرخیز ہیں۔ پنجاب کی مٹی سے ان کو لگاؤ نہیں بے حد لگاؤ ہے۔بہت سادگی سے کہیں دل کی بات کہہ دی تو کہیں انتہائی پیچیدگی سے معاملے کو پیش کیا۔ اپنی ہی ذات میں مست ایک انسان جو کہ بس لکھتا ہے۔ کبھی لفظوں کو شاعری کا رنگ دیتا ہے تو جب کبھی جذبات سنبھالے نہ جائیں اور لکھنے کے لیے شاعری سے زیادہ وسعت مانگیں تو انہیں نثر میں مانند گوہر سمو دیتے ہیں۔ تحریر میں جگہ جگہ جزئیات سے جو کام لیا گیا ہے۔ہر با ت کو کھل کر بیان کیاگیا، ہر معاملے اور واقعے کے پیچھے کے اسباب و حقیقت کو کھل کر بیان کرنا بھی کبھی ناممکن نظر آتا ہے۔مگر نو لکھی کوٹھی کو پڑھنے کے بعد یہ احساس ہوا کہ یہ بات بھی اب نا ممکن نہیں رہی۔ ناطق نے ناول میں تقسیم کے بعد کے نقصانات کو بھی بیان کیا ہے۔وہ تقسیم سے ناراض معلوم ہوتے ہیں۔جب تقسیم ہند کے واقعات کو پڑھتے ہیں تو ان کا مخصوص لب و لہجہ بھی محسوس کیا جا سکتا ہے،مولویوں پر نشتر چلاتے نظر آتے ہیں جو کہ طنز سے بھر پور ہوتے ہیں اور سب سے بڑھ کر انہوں نے جو کارنامہ سر انجام دینے کی سعی کی ہے وہ ایڈمنسٹریشن سسٹم کی حقیقت بیان کی ہے۔ انہوں نے ناول کو صرف اس لیے نہیں لکھا کہ پڑھنے کے بعد انہیں نقادوں اور ادیبوں سے داد یا تنقید ملے۔ بس وہ کھلے دل کے ، اپنی طرز کے واحد آدمی ہیں جنھوں نے ناول...
Constructivism is the basis for thinking of a contextual approach, namely that knowledge is built not a set of facts, concepts, or rules that are ready to be remembered. Students must construct that knowledge and give meaning through real experience. Students need to be accustomed to solving problems, finding something useful for themselves, and struggling with ideas. The teacher will not be able to give all knowledge to students. Students must construct knowledge in their own minds. Knowledge is not static, but is constantly evolving and changing as students construct new experiences that force them to base themselves and modify previous knowledge. Learning must be packaged into the process of constructing knowledge rather than receiving knowledge. In the learning process, students build their own knowledge through active involvement in the learning and teaching process. Students become the center of activities, not teachers. Critical thinking is an attempt by someone to check the truth of information using the availability of evidence, logic, and awareness of bias. Critical thinking skills are the cognitive processes of students in analyzing systematically and specifically the problems faced, distinguishing these problems carefully and thoroughly, as well as identifying and reviewing information to plan problem solving strategies.
Nuclear ECRs have a salutary impact on the mechanism for information sharing by the technology suppliers as well as countering proliferation risks. These informal arrangements have established some export-related rules to improve coordination and inculcated some habits among the states that might otherwise be involved in the proliferation of sensitive technologies. The Nuclear ECRs, despite being outside the framework of established non-proliferation treaties, have helped institute some recognizable non-proliferation norms and best practices. To the extent that the regimes are essentially supplier cartels, they have successfully managed the issue of selective denials and controlled the supply of nuclear proliferation-sensitive technology. Fundamentally, these regimes address NPT member states, yet three Non-NPT NWSs need to have access for peaceful purposes to nuclear technology. However, these states have been criticized for building nuclear weapons, keeping in view that they didn‘t violate any international law (as they have never been part of NPT). The study investigates the various possibilities of mainstreaming these three states, acknowledging their market potential in the realm of civilian peaceful nuclear technology and their plausible role in the non-proliferation struggle. The primary element of discussion and analysis in this study is that there is a need to mainstream the Non-NPT NWSs and to evolve the criteria for including the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. The central proposition of this research states that the world has transformed since 1968, so the international community needs to modify the mechanisms of the regimes in order to accommodate new markets and explore new venues of policy making in order to comprehensively address the nuclear proliferation concerns. There is a possibility to mainstream them because some are emerging markets and others have the potential to become future markets. Furthermore, they have acquired nuclear weapons so it is imperative to prevent them from horizontal proliferation by implementing stringent measures on the export controls. The study investigates the policy recommendations for the global community to address the NonNPT-NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. This research is cognizant of the dire need to mainstream the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. India, although is a non-member of the NPT, has been given the NSG waiver along with AG, MTCR and WA membership. This action has raised questions on the credibility of the Nuclear ECRs as this discriminatory step weakens the mechanism of these regimes. An analysis of the underlying dynamics of this exceptional treatment of India has evolved the debate of developing an approach based on criteria to address the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. This study encompasses an analysis of the emerging trends and the imperatives for setting up uniform criteria for all three Non-NPT NWSs and taking into loop all the states having nuclear weapon technology. This proposed solution will help counter the proliferation issues, especially that of horizontal proliferation. The research hypothesis was evidenced to be true in finding the correlation between the requirement of mainstreaming these states in the Nuclear ECRs and the debate on criteria-based approach.