بشیر احمد چونچال
چونچال (۱۹۱۰ئ۔۱۹۸۵ئ) کا اصل نام بشیر احمد اور چونچالؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ چونچال سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۵۱۸) ان کی زندگی عسرت اور عدم آسائش کا شکار رہی لیکن وہ اپنے وقت میں مشاعروں کے مقبول ترین شعرا میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ ان کا ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’منقار‘‘ دوست پبلی کیشنز اسلام آباد نے ۲۰۰۰ء میں شائع کیا۔ جو طنز یہ ومزاحیہ شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب میں غزلیں ،نظمیں اور قطعات شامل ہیں۔ یہ مجموعہ ایک سو پچاس صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب کے آغاز میں کامران مسعود کا مضمون’’ابتدائیہ‘‘ اصغر سودائی کا مضمون ’’چونچال ایک منفرد شاعر ‘‘،انور مسعود کا مضمون’’سیالکوٹ کا واحد ظریف شاعر‘‘ اور ضمیر جعفری کا تبصرہ ’’کلام بولتا ہے ‘‘ شامل ہیں۔
’’منقار‘‘ کے علاوہ ان کا کلیات زیر ترتیب ہے ابھی تک ان کا مجموعی کلام دسیتاب نہیں ہو سکا۔
بشیر احمد چونچال عظیم مزاح نگار شعرا میں ایک امتیازی حیثیت رکھتے تھے۔ اس امر کے کہ وہ عصر حاضر کے مزاح نگاروں میںصفِ اول کے شاعر تھے انھیں وہ مقام و مرتبہ نہ مل سکا جو ان سے کم تر درجے کے شاعروں کو مل چکا ہے یا مل رہا ہے۔
اصغر سودائی چونچالؔ کی عظمت کے حوالے سے رقم طرا ز ہیں:
اگر میں یہ کہوں کہ چونچالؔ اکبر الہ آبادی کے بعد دوسرا بڑا شاعر ہے ۔ جس نے فلاح قوم کا بیڑا اٹھایا اور ساری عمر اسی دشت کی سیاہی میں گزار دی تو ہر لحاظ سے یہ ایک ایسا دعویٰ ہو گا جس کی دلیل ان کا کلام ہے۔(۵۱۹)
سید ضمیر جعفری چونچالؔ سیالکوٹی کے دوست تھے اور متعدد مرتبہ سیالکوٹ میں چونچال سے ان کی ملاقاتیں بھی ہوئیں۔چونچال اور ضمیر جعفری اکٹھے مشاعر ے بھی پڑھتے رہے۔ ضمیر جعفری چونچال کے بارے میں چونچال کے شعری مجموعے پر اپنے...
It is not uncommon to find cases of Muslim women being harassed or bullied in many of the Muslim-minority countries because of their dress. These Islamophobic attacks, unfortunately, are not merely conducted by radicalised individuals; but the subjugation of the rights of Muslim women also comes from institutional bodies and governments. Secular nations, such as France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Switzerland, USA, UK, Canada, China, and Russia have either imposed restrictions on Muslim women regarding their dress code. They see veil as a non-acceptance of progressive or cumulative values which is unsurprisingly not welcomed by the Muslim community. In such environment, it is inevitable for the Muslims to understand what the Qur’ān and Sunnah really say about the dress code for Muslim women in order to explain what their religion really requires from them and to communicate it appropriately to the government officials, journalists, politicians, and other relevant stakeholders. It is also essential from the perspective of segregating cultural aspects from the religious aspects. Many of the commonly used words for the dressing of Muslim women are more rooted in culture than the religion. It is accordingly vital to understand what the Qur’ān and Sunnah really command about the women dressing and how it has been interpreted in various Islamic societies and cultures. This paper accordingly presents an analysis of all the relevant Qur’ānic verses and the prophetic traditions (from the 6 most renowned books of ahadith). The linguistic analysis employed in this paper results in the identification of items of dress that were worn by Muslim women to safeguard their modesty during the times of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The same principles are relevant for today’s age and time and the Muslims can use those guidelines to delineate cultural practices from the religious injunctions.
The soil fertility depends on the maintenance of microbial processes and activities for the completion of nutrient cycles. The management practices of soil and man-made activities which add contaminants i.e., heavy metals in the soil potentially have long term effects over microbial diversity in different ecosystems like in current study (Agriculture research Centre, the soil near industrial area and rural area). The present PhD program has examined the effects of heavy metals over microbial biomass, soil respiration and metabolic quotient in the said areas. An experiment was carried out in Agriculture Research Centre at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan on the effect of heavy metals on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration and metabolic quotient during four seasons. Microbial biomass showed significance in all three metals during spring and winter at (P<0.001) while in case of soil respiration only Cd showed significance in both seasons. Metabolic quotient expressed significance at (P<0.001) in case of Cu+Cd during spring and with Zn+Cd at (P<0.001) in winter season. The results show that metals are in sequence of Cd>Cu>Zn in their effects and toxicity and spring is dominant in case of all metals. The soil was verified for soil physical and chemical contamination nearby Multan Industrial Estate (MIE). Six parameters consisting of pH, Organic Matter (OM%), Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb were taken as representatives for the study from five sites out of which the farthest two sites were chosen as control. Physico-chemical parameters were determined by using standard techniques Plasma Spectrophotometer. The results showed significant relationship among parameters at (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001). First two sites near industrial area expressed high level of contamination of metals. The distribution of trace metals was observed in order of Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd which explains that out of four elements, Zn and Pb contributed prominent level of absorption in the soil. The final results of the overall study conclude that microbial diversity and soil diversity are interdependent and both can augment each other. However, rural and urban soils are dissimilar from each other in both containing soil microbial community and physiochemical properties and rural soil has more clear support for microbial community than in urban soil. Moreover, industries are the contributing factor of heavy metal contamination. It is suggested such practices should be ceased at the earliest that increased the level of soil pollution.