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Enhancement in Quality of Services Qos in Generation Three G3 Networks

Thesis Info

Author

Idrees, Muhammad.

Department

Department of Computer Science &Amp; Engineering; UET

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

Institute Type

Public

Campus Location

UET Main Campus

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

85 . : ill. ; tabs ; 28 cm.

Subject

Public Administration

Language

English

Other

Hardcover.; Call No: 353.9774 M 89 E

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-17 21:08:06

ARI ID

1676712303182

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پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ اک ملک وچ بیماری پھیلن پاروں بہت تباہی ہوئی۔ اوس ملک دے بہت سارے لوک بیماری پاروں مر گئے۔ کاروبار تباہ ہو گیا۔ قحط سالی پاروں بہت سارے جانور وی مر گئے۔ مینہ نہ پین دی وجہ بہت سارے درخت سُک گئے۔ ایس ملک دا اک شہر اپنی ترقی تے خوبصورتی پاروں سارے ملک سگوں بیرون ملک بہت شہرت رکھدا سی۔ سب توں ودھ تباہی اوتھے ہوئی۔ کدے اوہ وقت سی کہ لوک دوروں دوروں اوس شہر دیاں عمارتاں تے لوکاں دا کم ویکھن لئی آندے سن۔ پر ہن اوتھے کجھ وی نئیں سی رہ گیا۔ بہت سارے لوک مر گئے یاں روزی دی تلاش وچ دوجیاں تھاواں اتے چلے گئے۔ جو لوک رہ گئے سن اوہ بہت ای سست سن۔ سوچدے ضرور سن کہ حالات نوں کویں بدلا جاوے پر اگے ودھ کے ہمت کوئی نئیں کردا۔

اک دن سارے بزرگ اک تھاں اکٹھے ہوئے تے آکھن لگے کہ شہر دی ترقی لئی کسے سچے تے ایمان دار بندے دی لوڑ اے۔ جو تباہی نوں دور کر کے شہر دیاں رونقاں مڑ توں بحال کر دیوے۔ سارے بیٹھے صلاحواں کر دے رہے پر کم کرن لئی اگے کوئی نہ ودھیا تے کسے نے وی ایہہ ذمہ داری چکن دا وعدہ نہ کیتا۔ اچانک اک 18 سال دا جوان کھڑا ہویا تے آکھن لگا۔ میں حلف دیندا واں تے تہاڈے نال وعدہ کردا ہاں کہ ایس شہر دیاں بحال کراں گا تے تسی مینوں ہمیشہ یاد رکھو گے۔ سارے بزرگ اوس جوان تے اوہدے گھر والیاں نوں چنگی طرح جاندے سن۔ ایس لئی اوہ سارے اوس جوان نوں اپنا سردار بناون تے اوس دی مدد کرن تے تیار ہو گئے۔ سب توں پہلاں اوہناں اوہدے سر اتے عزت دی پگ...

ریاستی پائیدار ترقی اور مذہبی رواداری کا اسلامی تصور : ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

For the development of the interior Nation tolerance, peace, prosperity, ethical and spiritual development is very necessary. Islam is the religion of peace and safety. There is no scope for oppression and aggression in Islam. In Islam sustainable development is a process in which real income and per capita income of country increase as well as self-esteem, freedom of action and religious activity also increase. People should make best use of country’s means of production to create better conditions than the past. A great harden in society’s development is religious prejudice. Religious tolerance means to treat the follower of other religious without hurting their feeling and without any mistreatment just because of their views. We should not hate other religious and their follower although we do not agree with their philosophies and views. We should accept and fulfil their rights as human beings which God has bestowed with high status. We can understand breadth and depth of tolerance by the saying of Holy Prophet. In twenty-one century Europe ideas of tolerances have different meaning than Islam. This paper provides a literature review on this subject in the light of Holy Quran and Seerah of Holy Prophet.

Solubility Enhancement, Formulation Development, Characterization and Ivivc of Sustained Release Tablet of Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen granules were prepared by a relatively newer method, namely surfactant assisted wet granulation (SAWG) approach using different concentrations (1-5%) of Soluplus®, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, PEG 4000, poloxamers L6200 and L3100. The developed granule formulations were characterized for physicochemical and dissolution characteristics. FTIR examined for any drug-excipients interactions. Granule size, percent yield, bulk and tap density, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose of granules were found to be 571 ±0.81 µm, 93.1 ±0.84 %, 0.223 ± 0.01g/ml, 0.231 ± 0.002 g/ml, 1.098 ± 0.005, 33.81 ± 0.23º, respectively. Granules with 1% Soluplus® revealed highest solubility (3.09 mg/ml), but with 58.3% ketoprofen release until 12 h. Granules containing 5% PEG-6K demonstrated improved solubility of ketoprofen as compared to pure drug, i.e. 2.81 mg/ml vs 0.010 mg/ml. This increase in solubility was observed to be due to micellar solubilization, complex formation, or hydrogen bonding, which was supported by FTIR. All the formulations exhibited release comparable to that of USP-stipulated sustained release pattern following Weibull model (β=1.08) and showing erosion-controlled release. FTIR indicated no chemical interaction between ketoprofen and excipient in granule formulation. The SAWG successfully ameliorated ketoprofen solubility and sustained its release as well. To develop the single unit dose to achieve the better bioavailability of sustained release ketoprofen granules, matrix tablets were prepared using the defined concentration, i.e., 1%, 3% and 5% of Soluplus®, PEG-6K, PEG-4K, L6200 and L3100. The prepared ketoprofen tablets were characterized for physicochemical, in vitro dissolution, FTIR and in-vivo (human pharmacokinetic study) parameters. FTIR studies were carried out to ensure any possible ii interactions among active and other excipients. Friability, thickness, hardness, weight variation, drug content and swelling index were found to be 0.14%, 4.77mm, 7.5 kgcm-1, 401mg, 99.95% and 29.38% respectively. In-vitro dissolution revealed 60-102% release till 8h. MT2, MT13 depicted the ideal sustained release pattern till 8h, i.e., > 80% which was fitted to Weibull release model with ß value 2.57 and 1.06 respectively, indicating the complex release mechanism. FTIR evident the compatibilities of drug-excipient during compression. A tablet formulation with similar profile to that of the sustained release, MT2 was selected for pharmacokinetic study. MT16 was also selected as a control for PK parameters evaluation. MT16 promptly attained the plasma peak within 1h after administration and followed a rapid exponential decrease till 12h. MT2 as a sustained release tablet showed delayed peak plasma concentration which was maintained above 0.7-1.0 µg.ml 1 till 24h with a gradual decline. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) resulting from administration of 200 mg of MT2 was statistically lower than that of the MT16 (5.19 ± 0.66 vs 9.62±0.76 µg.ml-1, P<0.05). The time to reach Cmax (Tmax) from MT2 was delayed to 5.56±0.30 h as compared to 1.15±0.11 h of MT16. The AUC0-∞, 78.65±7.64 µg.h.ml-1, of MT2 was higher than 34.39±3.06 µg.h.ml-1 of MT16. Considering MT2 as Test and MT16 as Reference formulation, the relative bioavailability was found to be 228.89±12.578%. Clearance of drug was observed to be declined for MT2 compared to MT16 (5.855±0.539 to 2.561±0.235 L/h), a reason for sustaining drug concentration in blood beyond 24 h instead of 12 h for MT16. The delayed Tmax, decreased Cmax, increased AUC and decreased ClT, MT2 exhibited an in-vivo behavior corresponding to the sustained drug delivery system. MT2 sustained release matrix tablets depicted the therapeutic ketoprofen plasma level effectively even beyond 24h. Thus, there is a likelihood of administration of once-a-day single dose without plasma fluctuations which were expected from the administration of two doses in a day of MT16. The in-vitro characteristics, i.e., the dissolution of MT2 were predictive of the iii in-vivo profile of the drug. The IVIVC evaluation indicated a good correlation for the drug releases in-vitro and absorbed in-vivo at predicated time intervals. The SAWG successfully helped developing the swellable-erodible sustained release matrix tablet formulation of ketoprofen with desired in-vitro, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetics properties without incorporation of any special ingredients or major manipulation of the formulation ingredients. The desired features in the present dosage form were accomplished just by surfactant-assisted granulation, thus SAWG was regarded as the simpler approach.