Kipling’s Depiction of the Great Game Between British India and Czarist Russia

This article provides valuable information about the living conditions of Muslims of the Pak-Afghan Region in the context of revisiting Rudyard Kipling’s view of the Great Game of the 19th century between Great Britain and Russia that roughly continued for about a century beginning in the second decade of the 19th century to the signing of the Anglo Russian convention in 1907. In this respect his famous novel, Kim (1901) has been critically examined to establish the political content of his creative work. Coupled with the appreciation of the novel as a great work of art with its many facets and themes, views of Edward Said have been juxtaposed to arrive at a conclusion that the novel is also a celebration of imperialism. In today’s scenario in Central Asia particularly Afghanistan, a revisit of Kipling is an interesting revelation. The discussion also reveals the similarities of the tussle of two centuries back to the realities in the region today. This insight as we appreciate Kipling’s masterpiece novel proves even more eye-catching and real. This paper also examines Peter Hopkirk’s works on the Great Game to historically asses the dialectics of the imperial struggle between the two super powers of the time. In this connection, a brief discussion is available on the three Anglo-Afghan Wars as well as the conflict in Kashgharia. This article presents an overview of the view head by Russians on the conflict which they call Tournament of Shadows or Bolshya Igra involving spies and military personnel. A fresh look at Kipling’s works in general and his novel Kim, in particular, helps explore the very essentials of the working of Imperialism and empire-building, which is the main stay of this paper. A deeper look would understandably unfurl big powers rivalry in general, and the present day security situation in Asia in particular, by going through the works of a great writer; the first Englishman and the youngest recipient for Nobel Prize in Literature (1907).  

The Role of Organizational Justice in Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Intention: A Mediating Role of Trust.

The aspiration in the study is to interrogate organizational justice relation with employee satisfaction and turnover intention taking trust as mediator among the teaching and non-teaching staff of public and private universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The purpose is to investigate the impact of organizational justice dimensions (such as; distributive, procedural, informational and interactional) on job satisfaction and turnover. The study was conducted on 550 employees in six public and six private universities. This study results hypothesized that organizational justice along with its components has a positive and a significant relationship with job satisfaction and turnover and also indicates effect of trust in relation with those variables. Convenience sampling approach is used for this study and further self-administered survey questionnaire was circulated to obtain perceptions of target sample. Components of organizational justice build-up were based on multi-item scales. In the beginning CFA was conducted for the validity of each measurement and later the correlation and descriptive statistic were reported. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted in order to interrogate the impact of four aspects on job satisfaction and turnover. Results of this study indicate that all variables of this research are significantly related to each other and has significant relation and are considered strong are strong predictor, however, distributive justice has negative and insignificant relationship with trust, whereas, other three components of organizational justice have positive and a significant relationship with trust. The only limitation researcher faced during the data collection was lack of positive response, which is due to issues like; inadequacy of knowledge, time, empathetic to the organization, underdevelopment of organizational and contribution to organization portfolio. Based on this research results the future researcher should take leadership style as the mediator.