استفہام ۔مخاطب کی توجہ و آمادگی کا حصول
قرآن نےمخاطب میں آمادگی پیدا کرنے کے لیے بعض اوقات اپنی گفتگو کا آغاز سوال سے کیا ہےاور پھر جواب کی صورت میں مدعا بیان کیاہے ۔ اس طرح سامعین کو متوجہ کرنے کے لیے بہترین موقع پیدا کیا ہے ۔ سورۃ المعارج میں آخرت اور احوال آخرت کاتفصیل کے ساتھ تذکرہ کیا گیا ہے ۔ اتنے اہم مضامین کے لیے آمادگی اورتوجہ کی اشد ضرورت تھی جس کی بنا پر قرآن نے سوال سے آغاز کیا ہے اورانداز یہ اختیار کیا ہے کہ لوگ سوال سے زیادہ جواب کی طرف متوجہ ہوں۔ " سَأَلَ سَائِلٌ بِعَذَابٍ وَاقِعٍ" “ [ ] (ایک مانگنے والے نے وہ عذاب مانگا ہے )اس کا جواب طویل دیا گیا جس کے سننے کے لیے مخاطبین میں دلچسپی پیدا ہونا فطری امر ہے ۔ قرآن حکیم نے سوال کر کے مخاطب کو جواب سننے کے لیے آمادہ کیا۔ یوں گویا قرآن نے اپنی دعوت اور تعلیم کے لیے ایک نفسیاتی تکنیک استعمال کی ۔[ ]
This research work investigated the interfaith harmony and social cohesion between two different religious followers of Hinduism and Islam in District Swat of Pakistan. The current world is facing various kinds of issues and challenges regarding interfaith harmony, peace and social cohesion. This is need of the time to establish a peaceful and harmonised day to day life standard for all the segments of society. This research was an effort to analyse the willingness among the Hindus and Muslims for enhancing their tolerance towards each other’s social and cultural activities. It also aimed to highlight the positive approach of the respondents towards the participation in the socio-cultural activities of each other. The results of association of social cohesion showed nonsignificant relationship with an opinion that Hindu and Muslim communities should take part in socio-cultural activities particularly the sports. Similarly, non-significant relationship was found based respondents’ data with an opinion that relations between Hindus and Muslims shall enhanced through participation in cultural and religious ceremonies. The result further concluded that there was peaceful and harmonised environment between Hindus and Muslims being living in the target area. The minorities were fully enjoying freedom and equality in District Swat. Based on the findings of the study, positive social interaction, mutual respect, positivity in thinking and positive role of local media have been recommended as policy guidelines for promoting inter-faith harmony.
With the growing demands of English language in the global context, efforts are being made in the developing contexts to improve the quality of teaching. However, the teaching practices of English language vary from context to context based on the contextual realities. Several studies have been done to highlight the notion of effective teaching in terms of teachers' instructional strategies and the students' characteristics. The current study explored the perceptions of the stakeholders about the effective teaching of English in Gilgit Baltistan (GB). The study was carried out using the qualitative research paradigm. The data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), classroom observations and post observation interviews. Purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of participants. Out of four school in the village, three (one public one private and one community based) schools were selected. The research participants include three head teachers, six English language teachers and thirty students who participated in the FGD. Out of them three teachers, one from each school was selected for in-depth understanding which was done through classroom observation and post observation interviews. The analysis of the data focused on the perceptions of the stakeholders' (teachers, head teachers and students) effective teaching of English language. The major findings of the study showed that in the context of Buber GB English is taught as a subject rather than as a language. Moreover, it was found that English language is taught only from the examination point of view. The stake holders linked the effective teaching of English language with the students' success in the examination. English is generally taught through traditional methods particularly, Grammar Translation Method (GTM). The factors that influence the teachers' choice of selecting the methods are: lack of professional trainings, exam system of Pakistan and exam oriented syllabus, overcrowded classes, limited exposure, home environment and workload. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the teachers of English should be provided professional sessions about the variety of teaching methods. Particularly, they should be given awareness about ways of adapting the methods in order to make them contextually relevant.