غزل ---فرحت شکور(پاکپتن)
مت پوچھ کہ ہم کیسی بلاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
بے یارو مدد گار تیرے چاہنے والے
جینے کا ہمیں حق ہے نہ مرنے کی اجازت
آنکھوں میں کوئی خواب نہ دل میں کوئی خواہش
سینچا ہے لہو دے کے سدا لالہ و گل کو
حسرت ، کبھی نفرت ، کبھی غربت ہمیں بخشی
افلاس و فلاکت کی چلی آندھیاں ہر سو
اے میرے خدا کیوں یہ میرے دیس کے باسی
سچ ، سوچ ، قدم اور قلم محدود ہیں اپنے
ہوتے ہی نہیں پست کبھی حوصلے میرے
لوٹے نہ میرے صاحب اس شہرِ فسوں جا کر
آیا نہ خیال ان کو میری صحرا گری کا
یکسر نہیں میرا ، تو رقیبوں کو مبارک
کیا پوچھتے ہو حالِ دلِ زار ہمارا
کس موڑ پہ لے آیا یہ عشق ہمیں فرحتؔ
خوابوں سے جو نکلے تو صداؤں میں گھرے ہیں
صحراؤں کی جاں سوز ہواؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ہم اہلِ وفا کیسی سزاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ہم زیست کی بے رنگ خلاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
کیوں اہلِ چمن پھر بھی خزاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ہم لوگ مقدر کی عطاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
کیوں اہلِ وطن اتنی وباؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ڈر خوف کی محبوس فضاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ہم اہلِ سخن ایسے خداؤں میں گھرے ہیں
شاید کسی اپنے کی دُعاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
کسی دلرُبا کی دلکش اداؤں میں گھرے ہیں
کس زُلفِ گرہ گیر کی چھاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
ہم اہلِ طلب اب کہ اناؤں میں گھرے ہیں
اک یار بے وفا کی جفاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
دُکھ درد کی گھنگھور گھٹاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?
In this work an endeavor was made to fabricate hybrid bulk heterojunctions solar cells based on doped and un-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles blended with the well-known organic polymer Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) and co-grafted with porphyrin and carminic acid. Charge transfer complex formation between the donor and acceptor dyes helped in increasing the photo induced generated current. To achieve this end sol-gel method was employed to synthesize anatase titania, which was characterized by electronic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The first part of the research deals with the band gap modulation of TiO 2 by doping it with selected transition metals (2-8% Cu, Ni and Cr). This was aimed to study the effect of tuning the band gap of TiO 2 on the efficiency of the fabricated solar cells by extending the absorption spectrum of titania to the visible region. The doped materials were also characterized using optical and morphological techniques to investigate their properties. Direct band gap of TiO 2 (3.9 eV) was found to be significantly reduced to 2.94, 3.40 and 3.60 eV for 2% Cu, 4% Ni and 2% Cr-doped materials respectively. Higher dopant concentrations induced the widening of the band gap according to the Burstein-Moss phenomenon. XPS results confirmed the substitution of Ti 4+ ions by the doped transition metal ions. Bulk heterojunctions solar cells were fabricated using un- doped and doped titania in combination with P3HT in order to investigate the effect of doping on the performance of the device. An enhancement of the photo-generated current was observed by using doped titania. This increase could be ascribed to the tuning of the band gap of titania to absorb effectively in the visible region. Maximum photocurrent was obtained by employing Cu-doped TiO 2 . However the value of FF was reduced owing to the low V oc values. The second portion of this research is dedicated to investigate the effect of photosensitization of TiO 2 and M-TiO 2 (M= Cu, Ni, Cr) on the efficiency of solar cells. A metallated phthalocyanine (Ni-Pc) was used to functionalize TiO 2 nano- particles in an attempt to extend the absorption spectrum of titania to visible region. The grafted materials were optically analyzed using electronic absorption, fluorescence IVemission and FT-IR spectroscopy to study the successful chemisorption of the dye on TiO 2 surface. These dye sensitized TiO 2 and M-TiO 2 were employed to fabricate solid state solar cells using P3HT. I-V measurements were performed to see the effect of dye concentration on the performance of solar cells. The plots showed that maximum I sc was achieved using 15 μM of Ni-Pc and the efficiency of the device was enhanced 3 times as compared to pristine titania blended with P3HT. The doped grafted titania using 15 μM of Ni-Pc showed higher I sc compared to un-doped grafted materials but the FF was reduced. This lowered the overall efficiency. The effect of co-grafting was also investigated by preparing photo-active nano-hybrid material consisting of titania nanoparticles, carminic acid and sulphonic acid functionalized porphyrin. Adsorption of free base porphyrin on TiO 2 resulted in its metallation which was evidenced by the disappearance of two out of four Q-bands in the UV-visible spectra of porphyrin. The adsorption of carminic acid resulted in the formation of charge transfer complex with titania nanoparticles. This was confirmed by the electronic absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies. Energy level diagram showed that the interaction among the constituents of the nano hybrid assembly permitted the flow of electron in a cascade manner from carminic acid to TiO 2 .This also allowed direct flow of electrons either from carminic acid or porphyrin towards titania. The material was used as an active blend in hybrid bulk hetero-junction solar cells. Co- functionalized (co-grafted) TiO 2 based devices were found three times more efficient than the reference device but morphology of the device proved a major setback.