جس رزق سے آتی ہو پرواز میں کوتاہی
نحمدہ وَ نُصَلِّیْ علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کی سعادت حاصل ہورہی ہے وہ ہے:
’’جس رزق سے آتی ہو پرواز میں کوتاہی‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
انسان نے ایّام زیست گزارنے ہیں، عالم رنگ و بو میں سانس لینا ہے، اس جہاں کے اندر موجود نشیب و فراز سے اسے واسطہ پڑنا ہے، افراط و تفریط کا شکار بھی ہونا ہے، اور پھر افراط وتفریط کے گرداب سے اپنی ناؤ کی حفاظت بھی کرنی ہے، کا ئنات کی رنگینیاں، رعنائیاں اور دل آویز یاں بھی اُس کے لیے سازگار ماحول فراہم کریں گی۔ یہ سب منظر اس کی آنکھوں کے سامنے سے گزرنے ہیں۔
صدرِذی وقار!
ان انعامات الٰہیہ سے صرف وہی مستفید ہو سکتا ہے، جس میں ان کے حسین مناظر کو دیکھنے کی سکت ہو ،جس کی قوتِ سماعت مضبوط ہو، جس کے حواسِ خمسہ ان حسین و جمیل نظاروں کے لیے مستعد رہتے ہوں ،جونسیمِ صبح کی فرحت بخش ٹھنڈک محسوس کرنے کے لیے ہمہ وقت آرزومند ہو، جن کے جسم و جاں کسی اضمحلال کا شکار نہ ہوں۔
محترم صدر!
انسان کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے اشرف المخلوقات بنایا ہے، عظمت کا تاج اس کے سر پر سجایا ہے، انسان ہمیشہ اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ اور ارفع سے ارفع کا آرزو مند رہتا ہے، اُس کا طائر غور و فکر بلند پروازی کا متمنی رہتا ہے، اُس کی اُمنگیں اور آرزوئیں عظیم سے عظیم تر ہوتی ہیں، وہ کبھی گھٹیا اور ادنیٰ حرکت کا مرتکب نہیں ہوتا۔ اُس کے حوصلے بلند اور عزائم مضبوط ہوتے ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
شاعرِمشرق حضرت علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ انسان کو اس کی حقیقت سے...
In order to get a vivid picture of Pakistan-Iran relations, the paper delves into the past with Iranian history and Iranian sphere of influence in South Asia. Both South Asia and Iran have ancient historical, cultural and religious ties since the times of the Cyrus the Great to the present. The Persian language and literature particularly the Persian classical poetry have left a great impression on sub-continent’s cultural and educational canvass. Pakistan-Iran border which was drawn by the British in the 1880s, remains still intact. Though the border is a wasteland with little agriculture but on the sea-front both the countries have access to the Strait of Hormuz which is of great strategic importance. Moreover, ethnic Baloch live on both sides of the border and crossborder and trade and livestock is the mainstay of cross-border economy. During the Cold War period, both Pakistan and Iran were subservient to the US policies against the Soviet Union; consequently, both received massive arms and equipment. This paper also indicates that during Mohammed Reza Shah’s time, the relations between Pakistan and Iran were quite friendly but they underwent a change after the Iranian revolution and during General Zia’s time. The main issues have been spelled out up-till 1979 and the minor frictions between the two countries could be managed through diplomacy. External pressures are also influencing the contemporary relations between the two countries and have put Pakistan in a dilemma. Historical and secondary sources have been used for the conduct of the study. Historical research has an important role to play in the Social Sciences. It helps us to understand the present by highlighting the past events.
This thesis covers two topics of latest research in the field of nanotechnology. One topic covers the development of nanomaterials for spintronic devices and the other one is about degradation of organic dye using various semiconductor photocatalysts. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and explore the physics behind TM on different applications in the field of spintronics and photocatalysis. The role of rare earth, Gadolinium (Gd) concentration on magnetization behavior is studied at length in rare earth doped transition-metal (RE:TM) thin films. RE:TM alloys of composition GdxCo100-x, GdxFe100-x and Gdx(Co50Fe50)100-x (30 nm each) deposited on silicon substrates were prepared by magnetron sputtering, where x ranged from 4 to 13 atomic%. The magnetization, uniaxial anisotropy, coercivity and Kerr rotation were investigated as a function of composition. It was found that ferrimagnetism in Gd doped transition metals alloys is considerably influenced by varying concentration of Gd content. At the same time, the magnetic easy axis remains in the film plane whereas the coercivity is strongly reduced after Gd substitution in case of GdxFe100-x and Gdx(Co50Fe50)100-x thin films. Results reveal that RE:TM thin films with dilute Gd doping of up to 8% are promising building block in soft magnetic devices for spin-transfer-torque applications, where an enhanced damping is required. Second topic presents a comprehensive study on degradation of organic dye using metal sulfide nanoparticles. In this research, a series of metal sulfide nanoparticles, such as zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and transition metal ions (Ni, Co, Fe) doped ZnS and CdS nanoparticles were developed through facile co-precipitation method using 2-mercaptoethanol as a surfactant for evaluation of their catalytic and photocatalytic activity potential. The synthesized nano powders were characterized using various analytical chemistry as well as image visualizing techniques like, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission spectroscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy to elucidate the changes in structure and shape of nanomaterials. Photocatalytic activity experiments show that doped nanoparticles bleach out methylene blue effectively than undoped samples. This research also highlights effect of prepared nanoparticles in degradation of methylene blue by catalytic agent NaBH4. The research at its present stage of development appears to offer the best avenue to remove hazardous pollutants from water. Without additional chemicals and energy input, this technique can be employed in large-scale water treatment technology, which will have a significant impact on the water purification industry.