سید مرتضیٰ علی
افسوس ہے اس مہینہ میں ہمارے ایک نہایت عزیز اور مخلص دوست سید مرتضیٰ علی نے بھی دہلی میں وفات پائی۔ مرحوم نواب صدیق حسن خاں صاحب مرحوم کے نواسی داماد تھے۔حکومت ہند کے محکمہ دفاع میں اعلیٰ افسر تھے۔تقسیم کے بعد بھی یہیں رہے۔دلّی کی جامع مسجد کے قریب ان کا آبائی مکان تھااُسی میں رہتے تھے اورجامع مسجد میں نماز اس پابندی سے ادا کرتے تھے کہ وفات سے پہلے سخت مجبوری کے باوجود انھوں نے نمازباجماعت ترک نہیں کی۔ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین کے شروع سے محسن اوراس کے کاموں کے بڑے قدردان تھے۔ اسلام کی محبت اورعشق میں سرشار رہتے تھے۔بڑے خلیق،متواضع،صاحب ِخیر، غیور و خوددار اور حد درجہ پابندِ وضع تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کوغریق رحمت فرمائے اور پسماندگان کوصبر جمیل کی توفیق ارزاں ہو۔آمین [جولائی۱۹۵۶ء]
The success of federalism in multiethnic societies greatly depends on fiscal decentralization. It empowers the provincial governments along with the local bodies at the grass root level. In this perspective fiscal decentralization needs structural arrangements in order to ensure revenue generation and appropriate expenditures. It helps to strengthen the national grid to avoid inter-provincial or intra-provincial discrepancies. This study illustrates the relationship between fiscal devolution and symmetrical horizontal economic development. It envisages the devolution plan (2001) introduced by former General Pervez Mushraff in Pakistan under which the Provincial Finance Commissions were established. This research would focus on Punjab as a case study to analyze the working of Provincial Finance Commission. This research tends to address the questions like what have been the patterns of fiscal decentralization in Pakistan? Did National Finance Commission and Provincial Finance Commission promote the principles of equitable devolution of resources in the divisible pool on the basis of need assessment? Could PFC be able to mitigate the intra-provincial disparities in Punjab? Did PFC take efficiency advantage in Punjab through the empowerment of local governments? This study would encompass the analysis of the resource allocation formula opted by the successive governments in the past till present and the counter arguments by the academia and the local body members. Qualitative and quantitative both methods would be used while incorporating primary as well secondary sources. This research concludes with the proposition that empowered local bodies and effective finance commission are the sine qua non of fiscal decentralization in democratic state like Pakistan.
The last century can be identified with the transformation of mankind due to the large-scale adoption of technology. Significant changes have taken place in the planet due to continual outcomes from research. These technological advances have resulted in considerable changes in the overall quality as well as expectancy of human life. While technology has generally resulted in positive effects on the human civilization, such unplanned changes can also have numerous associated unexpected and emergent outcomes. Living in a linked world implies proliferation and diffusion of changes at the global level. While there are numerous aspects to the technological revolution, some of the key changes in urban environments can be attributed to the era of small and numerous connected computing devices. This has resulted in the texture of the ?Internet of Things? (IoT) ensuing more computing devices than the entire human population. Some of the resultant unexpected effects can perhaps be classified in three key areas; firstly in the form of greenhouse gas emissions, secondly, in the form of effects due to additional heat produced by computers and thirdly, residual effects of technological waste. Although there are solutions available which require human intervention and planning, the large-scale texture of connected devices forming this IoT offers opportunities to apply autonomic and self-organizing/nature-inspired techniques. The primary goal of this research is to examine how self-organizing techniques may be used to solve problems in setting up greener networks by solving problems from the above-mentioned domains. Specifically, algorithms and solutions to two common problems faced in computer networks are presented which can be helpful in developing greener networks. First, the solution for planning and correlation of up-time of computers in networks is presented. This is followed by a proposed self-organizing algorithm for hotspot reduction in large-scale data centers. This in turn minimizes the use of electricity as well as reduces the risks of electric failures due to overheating. To critically evaluate the proposed techniques, extensive simulation experiments using different modeling and simulation techniques such as Monte Carlo (?R? statistical tool) and Agent-based simulations (using NetLogo) have been performed. The first set of simulation experiments clearly demonstrates how the proposed Monte Carlo methods allow for an efficient allocation of carbon footprint in large-scale networks without requiring extensive communication. Furthermore, simulation experiments using agent-based models were used to evaluate the reduction of hot-spots by the use of proposed cellular automata algorithms. Results from extensive simulation experiments demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of utilizing autonomous self-organizing mechanisms as first steps towards making environment friendly large scale computer networks and clusters.