Pak-US Strategic Partnership in the War on Terror to Curb Militant Bloodbath

Pakistan’s involvement in the US war on terrorism was a tragic decision. No option was left for the ruling elite of Pakistan except to join the global war on terrorism and to take a U-turn from the support of Taliban’s regime in Afghanistan which was duly recognized by Pakistan’s government in 1996. It was expected by the policy-makers of the US that the alliance with Pakistan would provide extraordinary strength in combating the Al-Qaeda and other affiliated conglomerates in Afghanistan as well as in borderland area. However, after fifteen years of war, the alliance has enfeebled despite their mutual understanding regarding the objectives envisaged in the Strategic Partnership. The war on terrorism has now been escalated from Afghanistan to Pakistan and it has provided space to religious extremism, militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism. There is no denial to the fact that religious extremism and terrorism are common threat and have damaged both the countries yet Pakistan has sacrificed more than the US in terms of human and material loss. Nevertheless, blame game and trust deficit is on the rise from both sides. This article focuses first on the joint ventures that the US and Pakistan mutually initiated to curb militant bloodbath in Afghanistan as well as in the border region. Secondly, it will explore factors responsible for increasing trust deficit between the partners. The study will not only provide deep understanding about the prevailing issues between Pakistan and the US but will also give true pictures to streamline the methodology for negotiating with each other in  future.

Phytochemical Studies and Biological Activities on the Constitutions of Z. Armatum Dc.

The thesis in hand mainly describes the isolation and structure elucidation of compounds from the ethyl acetate and chloroform soluble fractions. Four new and eight known compounds have been isolated from Zynthoxylem armatum DC. New Compounds. 1. 2, 6, 7-trimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (117) 2. Methyl-2, 6, 7-trimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)carbazole-3-carboxylate (118) 3. 4-methoxy-12, 12-dimethylcyclopenta furoquinoline-10-carbaldehyde (123) 4. Methyl, 4-methoxy-12, 12-dimethylcyclopenta furoquinoline-10-carboxylate (124) Known Compounds. 1. Sezamine (119) 2. Methyl Piperitol (120) 3. Fargesin (121) 4. Dictamine (122) 5. Planispine A (125) 6. Planispine B (126) 7. Lupenone (127) 8. Lupeol (128) A brief discussion on biological activities of various fractions as well as of the isolates is presented in the present work. It was observed that the compounds 117-122 showed higher anti oxidant properties than ascorbic acid. The compounds 117, 118 and 122 were found to be more active than the rest of the isolates. The two new furoquinoline alkaloids (123) and (124) showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid. The compound 123 was found to be more active than compound 124, which was further supported by ABTS radical scavenging assay. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and n-butanol fractions were screened for anti fungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. It was found that ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed maximum inhibition and decreased the fungal growth by 55.5 and 61%, chloroform fraction showed moderate inhibition while n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed minimum inhibition of the corresponding fungi.