پروفیسر مسعود حسن
(پروفیسر مختارالدین احمد)
علمی و ادبی دنیا میں یہ خبر افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ ۲۷؍ مئی ۱۹۹۲ء کی شب کو عربی و فارسی کے مشہور استاد اور اردو کے ممتاز ادیب پروفیسر مسعود حسن طویل علالت کے بعد کلکتہ میں وفات پاگئے۔ خدا ان کی مغفرت فرمائے اور انہیں جنت الفردوس میں جگہ دے۔
مسعود حسن ۵؍ نومبر ۱۹۲۰ء کو اپنے وطن کھگول (دانا پور) ضلع پٹنہ کے ایک ممتاز اہلحدیث خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے جو وہاں کئی پشتوں سے آباد تھا اور اپنے مذہبی اور علمی خدمات کی وجہ سے مشہور تھا۔ ان کے والد منشی غلام قادر نے انہیں ان کے حقیقی ماموں حکیم مولانا محمد حسن (۱۸۸۰ء۔ ۱۹۶۱ء) کے سپرد کردیا جن کے سایۂ عاطفت میں ان کی ابتدائی تعلیم و تربیت ہوئی، متوسطات کی تعلیم مدرسۂ فیض عام مؤناتھ بھنجن ضلع اعظم گڑھ میں پاکر وہ ۱۹۳۳ء میں مدرسۂ اسلامیہ شمس الہدیٰ میں داخل ہوئے جہاں مدرسہ اکزامنیشن بورڈ سے ۳۳ء میں انھوں نے ’’مولوی‘‘ اور ۱۹۳۵ء میں ’’عالم‘‘ کے امتحانات میں کامیابی حاصل کی وہاں کے اساتذہ میں مولانا محمد سہول عثمانی، اصغر حسین بہاری، مولانا سید دیانت حسین دربھنگوی، مولانا ظفرالدین قادری (۱۸۸۵ء۔ ۱۹۶۲ء)، مولانا سید شاہ عبیداﷲ (متونی ۱۵ جمادی الاخریٰ ۱۳۵۸ھ، مولانا عبدالشکور آہ ؔؔ مظفر پوری اور مولانا سید عبدالسبحان دسنوی کے نام یاد آتے ہیں۔ مولانا محمد سہول، مولانا اصغر حسین اور مولانا عبدالشکور مدرسۂ دیوبند کے تعلیم یافتہ تھے اور شیخ الہند مولانا محمود حسنؒ کے شاگرد، مولانا دیانت حسین نے مدرسۂ عالیہ رام پور میں تعلیم حاصل کی تھی اور وہ معقولات میں مولانا فضل حق خیر آبادی اور مولانا حکیم برکات احمد بہاری ثم ٹونکی کے اہم تلاندہ میں تھے۔ مولانا ظفر الدین قادری، مولانا احمد حسن کانپوریؒ کے شاگرد تھے وہ مدرسۂ منظر اسلام بریلی کے فارغ التحصیل...
There is a dire need of an experienced and authoritative mechanism in the polity of Islām in order to run the affairs of the state in a benefiting manner. This mechanism divides the state into different regions and provinces so as to carry out the affairs of the state in an organized way. These provinces must be founded on some administrative basis, not on racial, lingual or regional grounds. It is necessary that these units are autonomous as far as authority and power is concerned. It will help eradicate parochial differences and strengthen integrity of a country. It is essential to keep up and safeguard the freedom and the rights of these units. We can get our desired objectives, if legal and constitutional safeguards are meted out to these administrative units of the state. According to ‘Allāmah Ibn Khaldūn’s point of view, it is imperative to strengthen a state instead of expanding it. There must be small but integrated autonomous units of the state. Such division helps these units to progress and prosper. The golden principle of power distribution is in vogue in all eras, although its structure has been different and varied. In this article, we are going to view the structure of distribution in the perspective in an Islamic state
Humic substances (HS) are heterogeneous organic compounds well known for stimulation of plant growth and development. The current study was designed to get insights about the physiological and metabolic processes induced by HS. Arabidopsis plants, grown hydroponically for 28 days on controlled conditions, were treated with HS at 1 mg C/L solution for 8 hours. iTRAQ (Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification) coupled LCMS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) of HS vs control roots resulted in identification of 902 proteins species. 92 proteins showed significantly differential expression pattern (p-value ≤ 0.05) with a fold change of ≥1.3 for up regulated and ≤-1.3 for down-regulated proteins. Bioinformatic tools such as GeneCodis3, KEGG, STRING, IIS and Cytoscape were applied to comprehend the biological processes, molecular functions and pathways most targeted and the interaction networks amongst the identified proteins. Functional characterization and pathway analysis classified the identified proteins into different functional categories including response to inorganic substances, redox homeostasis, energy metabolism, cell trafficking and division. Many proteins related to protein synthesis, processing and translocation were also differentially expressed under HS application, for example, HSP70s, BiP2, PDIs and PABs. Three proteins, DPP6 N-terminal domain-like protein, patellin-2 and aspartyl protease family protein showed highest expression of 2.3 foldchange while germin-like protein subfamily 1 member 17 (GLP1-17) and cysteine proteinase RD19a revealed the lowest expression of -2.2 fold-change. The proteinprotein interaction (PPI) analysis generated a complex network consisting of seven significant modules. The main module contains 90 different proteins mainly associated with translation and biosynthetic pathways. Centrality analysis of the network identified topoisomerase II (Top II) as the most enriched hub/and bottleneck protein of the network. The enhancement of protein ubiquitination and stimulation of redox homeostasis and secondary metabolic pathways may explain the stimulation of signaling pathways and augmented growth of plants treated with humic substances. The xii DEPs identified in recent proteomic study may give some clues about the targets of HS and act as a podium for future study but more researches both at molecular and physiological levels should be done for find out of the HS metabolic target. The results of our in-silico promoter analysis of HS responsive promoter coding genes (HSRPGs) coincides with the proteomic study via linking the most enriched cis-acting regulatory (CREs) with stress, hormones, growth and developments. These results highlight the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in HS-plant interactions.