مشاركة المسلم في الأعمال السياسية بالبلاد غير الإسلامية وحكمها

In this paper, the question of the participation of the resident Muslim in the foreign countries in politics and its rulings and the statement of some issues that are presented to the Muslim, such as: to elect, run or participate in political parties and other issues related to this topic. And also, tried to study the views of the scholars, and presented them and their attitudes, evidence in them, compared with them. The modern world has witnessed phenomena, which is not hidden to every sane person, which was, the Muslim participation in the political activities in the non-Muslim countries. The importance of this research paper is clear because it reveals the meaning of the political concept in the Holy Quran and prophetic tradition, which made the researcher in the attempt to legalize the matter in this regard and to summarize the statements of ancient and contemporary scholars based on their arguments and evidences. The study concluded That the participation in politics activities non-Muslims societies does not fall within the scope of the doctrine originally, since no one doubts in the doctrine of Muslims that it is not permissible to resort to the tyrant and not to judge except with Allah almighty revealed rules and regulations, and when this doctrine disappears or enter doubt of any act of apostasy and disbelief, which is not satisfied by any sound Muslim at this very moment that falls into haram category. At the end conclusion is drawn from variant views of the scholars, and the main findings and recommendations have been given.

Studies on the Interaction of Leaf Folder With Bacterial Leaf Blight in Rice Crop and Their Management Strategies

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most paramount staple foods of the world. It occupies a unique position in cereal crops with respect to area under cultivation and more than 2.7 million populations depending on rice. In Pakistan, rice is an important food and cash crop and has the status of second staple food crop after wheat and the second major exportable produce after cotton. Despite much development in rice production technology research and developments, the yield of rice crop in Pakistan is very low as compared to other rice growing countries. One of the major yield limiting factors is the attack of insect pests and diseases. Among these, leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gu.) and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice are of economic importance and cause irreparable yield losses every year. A comprehensive survey was conducted to investigate the farmers’ perception regarding leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight and factors which boost up the infestation of leaf folder and incidence of bacterial leaf blight and their management practices in rice crop. A questionnaire was developed; minimum of 50 farmers were interviewed in selected five districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Majority of the farmers (62%) responded that LF attacked their crop first while 30% farmers were of the opinion that BLB attacked first. Eight percent informed that crop was attacked by LF and BLB simultaneously. As most of the farmers (72%) responded that those fields in which LF attacked first, the incidence of BLB was high, while 64% farmers told that LF enhanced the severity of BLB. Furthermore, the interaction among leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight was also studied. Total damage area (TDA) in the combined treatment (LF+Xoo) was significantly higher (72.08±1.57) than in the combined treatment (Xoo+LF), single LF treatment and single Xoo treatment on rice variety Basmati 385 and same trend was followed by 2nd week and 1st week. This implies a synergistic interaction of LF and xiv Xoo when Xoo was inoculated after LF infestation. However combined treatment of (Xoo+LF) showed a significantly lower TDA (59.28±1.47) compared with other combined treatment (72±1.57) and single LF and Xoo treatments. The data regarding yield contributed factor and yield losses due to leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight alone and combined were also recorded. The data revealed that maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to BLB was 13.22% and 6.79% for years 2012 and 2013 respectively, on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The highest 1,000 grain weight loss due to LF was 7.09% and 1.20% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to combined treatment (LF and BLB) was 20.06% and 7.07% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385 during 2012 and 2013 respectively. The maximum yield loss due to BLB was 20.62% and 10.55% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The yield loss due to LF was 10.32% and 3.48% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385.The yield loss due to combined (LF and BLB) was 27.05% and 11.02% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The leaf damage data revealed that two wild species, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha were resistant to LF. Fourteen genotypes were moderately resistant (MR), ten were moderately susceptible (MS), fourteen were susceptible (S) and ten were highly susceptible (HS) against leaf folder. Similarly results exhibited that one wild species (O. rufipogon) was found highly resistant (HR) whereas one species (O. brachyantha) showed resistance (R) response. Two rice genotypes showed moderately resistant (MR) response; nine rice lines represented the moderately susceptible (MS) response, thirty three were represented susceptible response (S) and four were found highly susceptible (HS) against bacterial leaf blight. These identified resistant germplasm can be used in breeding program of rice crop to develop resistant varieties against leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight disease.