کچھ" نقش فریادی" کے بارے
نقش فریادی ۔۔۔ایک تعارف
وجیہہ ضمیر
"رسالہ " عربی لفظ ہے ۔جس کا معنی ترسیل کا آلہ ہے ۔ اردو رسائل نے اردو زبان و ادب کی ترویج و ترقی میں گراں قدر خدمات سرانجام دی ہیں ۔ ادبی رسالہ میں ادب کی مختلف ادبی جہات مثلاً شاعری،ناول ،افسانہ کو موضوع بنایا گیا ہے ۔ زمانہ قدیم سے عہدجدید تک اردوادبی رسائل کی اہمیت سے انحراف نہیں کیا جاسکتا ۔دنیا کےکسی بھی زبان کے ادب کے فروغ میں رسائل اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں ۔ جہاں اردو رسائل نے ہماریروایات و اقدار،تہذیب وتمدن،کلچر،ثقافت میں اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے وہیں ادب کے فروغ میں بھی کلیدی حثیت رکھتے ہیں ۔ اردو ادبی رسائل ہمارےتنقیدی نظریات و معیاری تخلیقات اور فکر و فن کو موضوع سخن بناتے ہیں اور ادب کی ترویج و ترقی میں اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں ۔ اردو رسائل نےادب کے مختلف موضوعات کو اپنے دامن میں جگہ دی ہے۔اورادبی رسائل خصوصی ادبی شمارے یا ادبی رسائل نمبرز بھی شائع کرتے ہیں جن میں افسانہ نمبر ، ناول نمبر ، غالب نمبر ، شاعری نمبر ، اقبال نمبر ، غزل نمبر،مرثیہ نمبر ،نعت نمبر اور ناولٹ نمبراور خصوصی شخصیت نمبر بھی جاری کئے ہیں ۔ اردو رسائل و جرائدادب کے ترجمان ہیں اردو ادبی ورسائل وجرائد انسانی جذبات و احساسات کی بھر پور عکاسی کرتے ہیں۔ ادبی رسائل ادبی صحافت کے میدان میں بھی بہت اہمیت کے حامل ہیں ۔ان ادبی رسائل میں ہفتہ وار، ماہنامہ ، سہ ماہی ، ششماہی ، اور سالانہ مجلے بھی ہوتے ہیں کیوں کہ ان کی اشاعت کی مدت مختلف ہوتی ہے ۔ یہ ۔سیاسی ، سماجی ،مذہبی اور ادبی شعور کو اجاگر کرتے ہیں ۔
برصغیر پاک وہندمیں ادبی رسائل...
Ḥadīth learning has a very high status in Islamic education after the Exegesis of the Holy Qurān (Tafsīr). Oddly enough, Non-Arab (‘Ajam) has a more important and key role than Arabs in the service of this knowledge. In this regard, the subcontinent is also being remained in the forefront. It started when Muhammad bin Qasim strengthened the Arab government in Sindh. Sheikh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehalvi is one of the prominent names in the teaching and writing of ḥadīth which travels gradually and reaches the family of Shah Waliullah, which is undoubtedly the pinnacle of ḥadīth knowledge in the subcontinent. The types of hadith that have been worked on, in connection with the service of ḥadīth, include the text of ḥadīth, commentaries, as well as summaries of ḥadīth and others. The entire Islamic world has benefited from all these teaching and writing services. The subcontinent, especially Pakistan, is gaining a central position in the Islamic world, which is the result of the propagation of Islam and understanding of the Qurān and Ḥadīth. In this regard, it is imperative to re-evaluate the services of the historians of this land. The said article will not only provide an introductory review of the Muḥaddith in the subcontinent and their authorship as well as a compilation but will also highlight the broadcasting and writing services of the hadith learning.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) having high degree of adaptability under wide range of climatic conditions, high photosynthetic capacity, efficient stomatal conductance and hydraulic mechanism allow the crop to be productive in broad range of environments. Combined effects of environmental factors not only modify plant phenology but also cause many physiological and qualitative changes. Environmental variations affect crop growth, development, yield, oil and fatty acid accumulation through agronomic, physiological and qualitative functions of the crop plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate and document the physio-morphic expressions of sunflower in response to varying environments. Field experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research Area, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan one each in spring and autumn during 2007 and 2008. Four sunflower hybrids, Alisson-RM, Parasio-24, MG-2 and S- 278 were planted in randomized complete block design with four replications. Data for various agronomic, physiological and quality parameters were collected during the course of study. Results revealed statistically significant differences among hybrids for almost all parameter recorded during both the seasons (spring and autumn) during two years of study. Quantitative parameters like stem diameter, plant height, biological yield and achene yield of all hybrids were 26.14 % to 56.18 % higher in spring as compared to autumn season. Physio-morphic parameters like leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf area, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate exhibited the similar trend of higher values during spring and lower during autumn but of sigmoid nature. Physiological attributes like chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate also followed the sigmoid curve pattern of growth and development during spring, where readings of all parameters were slow at the start of the season which gradually increased to the peak and thereafter decreased to the minimum at the end during spring season. However, trend of the above physiological parameters observed during autumn was opposite which touched the peak at the start and continuously decreased to the minimum at the end. The opposite trend of physiologicalxix parameters during two seasons may be related to the variable temperature during the two seasons. In spring, at the start temperature was low which gradually increased to the peak while during autumn temperature was relatively high at the start which gradually decreased as season proceeded. Qualitative parameters like oil content, oleic acid, stearic acid and palmatic acid of all the hybrids exhibited higher values during spring as compared to those during autumn season. However, linoleic acid showed inverse relationship with oleic acid as it increased during autumn than that observed during spring. Protein content showed opposite trend to oil content during the two seasons as higher protein contents were observed during autumn as compared to those during spring season. It may be concluded that spring crop is a better option for good economic and oil yield in high rainfall areas. However, autumn crop accumulated higher linoleic acid (poly-unsaturated fatty acid) than the spring crop, thus better in quality. Significant positive correlations were recorded among morphological attributes, achene yield and oleic acid, while negative for linoleic acid were observed during spring, however, during autumn oleic acid and linoleic acid showed opposite trend to each other. Similarly, significant positive correlations were exhibited among physiological attributes, achene yield and oleic acid, while negative for linoleic acid were expressed during spring, however, during autumn oleic acid and linoleic acid reversed each other. In a separate experiment, oil and fatty acid contents in different circles of mature sunflower heads during spring and autumn seasons for both the years were determined. A progressive decrease in oil content, oleic acid, stearic acid was recorded from outer to central circle during spring for both the years. Contrary to spring crop, oil content showed increase from outer to central circle in autumn crop. However, rest of the attributes followed the similar trend of spring crop. Linoleic acid accumulation was opposite to that of oleic acid where central circles accumulated higher linoleic acid in all four hybrids as compared to middle and outer circles during both the seasons. The variation in oil and fatty acid in different circles may be the result of vascular connection which seems to be better in outer circles.