Understanding and Promotion of Civic Behavior Among Students in the Light of Sīrah

Civic behavior reflects the values related to individual’s attitude towards family, peer group, and neighborhood and includes the way one behaves in the society and community as a whole. The purpose of the present study is to describe what civic behavior is, its characteristics, its status in the Hadith, and the way forward for improvement of the civic behavior as guided by Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). Study implies that truthfulness, mercifulness, polite talk, helping others, respect for others, caring and sharing and promise-keeping, loyalty, sympathy, honesty, kindness, brotherhood, cooperation, fairness and unity are the core qualities that make the individual a civilized and active citizen and our Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is the embodiment of all these virtues. Descriptive approach was followed to explain and analyze the concept. First the concept of civic behavior was interpreted, then its importance and characteristics were discussed. After that it was explored in the light of the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The findings highlight that the civic behavior in its best form was preached and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and his companions. Each dimension was interpreted in the light of the Quran and the Sīrah. It was concluded that Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is an immaculate source of guidance and inspiration for not only Muslims but also for the whole mankind in acquiring the core values and abilities that determine the Civic behavior of an individual which ultimately results into a well-organized, peaceful and civilized society The study suggests that civic behavior of the citizens has significant impact on the formation and development of a peaceful society. It is recommended that civic behavior as reflected in the life of and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) should be promoted and practiced for achieving a civilized social setup.

Image Clustering Using Novel Local and Global Exponential Discriminant Models

Image clustering deals with the optimal partitioning of images into different groups. Using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) criterion, optimal partitioning of images is obtained by maximizing the ratio of between-class scatter matrix (Sb) to within-class scatter matrix (Sw). In global learning based clustering models, scatter matrices (Sb and Sw) were evaluated on whole image datasets. Owing to which, nonlinear manifold in image datasets may not be effectively handled. For manifold learning, local neighborhood information in data objects were utilized in local learning based clustering models. Further, for high-dimensional data, Sw is singular which corresponds to under-sampled or small-sample-size (SSS) problem of LDA. Owing to which, almost all global learning and local learning based clustering models are based on regularized discriminant analysis (RDA), a variant of LDA. In RDA, the singularity problem of Sw was solved by perturbing it with regularization parameter λ > 0. However, tuning for optimal value of parameter λ is required. Further, for optimal clustering performance in existing state-of-the-art local learning based clustering models, one has to tune a number of clustering parameters from a large candidate set. In this thesis, we propose a novel local learning based image clustering model. Our proposed clustering model is inspired from exponential discriminant analysis (EDA). EDA is another variant of LDA in which SSS problem of LDA was handled using matrix exponential properties. Owing to which, EDA is less parameterized as compared with RDA. Number of nearest neighbor images k is the only clustering parameter in our proposed clustering model as compared with existing state-of-the-art local learning based clustering models. Image clustering performances on 12 benchmark image datasets are comparable over near competitor RDA based image clustering model. Performances are comparable because no discriminant information of LDA is lost in EDA. However, well separated images may not be achieved at local level for image datasets that contain images with pose, illumination, or xiv occlusion variations. Owing to which, local learning based image clustering models may face limitations in such variations. For this problem, various clustering models were proposed in which both global learning and local learning approaches were utilized. However, almost all existing local and global learning based clustering models are based on RDA. Owing to which, tuning of clustering parameters is extensive in almost all state-of-the-art local and global learning based image clustering models. We propose novel local and global learning based image clustering models that are inspired from EDA. Our proposed image clustering models are less-parameterized and computationally efficient where image clustering performances are comparable with existing local and global learning based clustering models. However, performances of all state-of-the-art clustering models are not optimal for challenging image datasets that contain images with illumination and occlusion changes. We explore the challenges in image clustering problem. We show that variation from one image to another image in a class (within-class variation) of an image dataset may vary from nominal to significant due to images with different facial expressions, pose, illumination, or occlusion changes. Using pixel intensity values as image features, we obtain histogram of within-class variation for each image datasets. On the basis of histogram, we categorize image datasets as Gaussian-like or multimodal. We show that image clustering performances of state-of-the-art clustering models are optimal for Gaussian-like image datasets and it degrade significantly for multimodal image datasets. We achieved significant overall performance improvement on 13 benchmark image datasets by employing optimal image descriptors with our proposed clustering model. Our study shows that there is no direct correlation between image clustering performance and local neighborhood structure. However, image clustering performance has correlation with the distribution of within-class variation in image datasets.