MEASURE THE LEVEL OF SENSORY PROCESSING PROBLEM IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITH OUT AUTISM IN CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT

Background of the Study: Sensory processing is the process in which all sensory stimuli integrate and enable person to respond according to the situation. There are number of sensory issues that either parents or teacher do not identify on early stages and various times it also cause behavioral issues or academic issues with in typical children too. The study aims to assess the sensory vulnerability of children with and without autism in the school environment and to identify the sensory issues. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Total 86 children recruited and divided into two groups included typical and atypical children. Using a standardized questionnaire-SPM (sensory processing measure) distributed in schools and completed by teachers. Result: Autism affects both mainstream children and children with autism, with sensory process subscales showing significant differences p value (< .005) for t- test.  Autism children have higher sensory process vulnerability, particularly in social participation and praxis variables, compared to mainstream children’s. Conclusion: The study reveals that school initiates sensory stimuli, affecting children's vulnerability, even in special schools, despite providing structured environments for atypical children.

High Performance Work Systems and Employees Pro-Change Reactions: A Social and Economic Exchange Perspective

Using Social exchange perspective, this study investigates the impact of High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) on employees‘ pro-change attitudes and behaviors (i.e., Commitment to change and behavioral support for change). It also endeavors to examine the underpinning micro-mechanisms of HPWS and employees‘ pro-change behaviors, suggesting that social & economic exchanges are the important mediating variables. Moreover, this study proposes an integrative moderated mediation model and posits that employees‘ cultural values (power distance and collectivism) moderate the aforementioned two alternative mediation mechanisms. Using random sampling technique, a sample of 591 full-time employees of largest public sector bank of Pakistan undergoing privatization are surveyed during September-December 2017. Proposed hypotheses are tested through Structural Model in AMOS. The results reveal that perceptions of social exchange partially mediate the positive relationship between HPWS –Affective CTC and HPWS-Normative CTC. On the other hand, perceptions of economic exchange fully mediate the HPWS- Continuance CTC.In addition, the relationship between HPWS-Affective CTC and HPWS-Normative CTC via social exchange is stronger for employees scoring high collectivism and low power distant orientation. Similarly, the relationship between HPWS-continuance CTC via economic exchange is stronger for employees scoring low collectivism and vice versa. However, the moderated mediated impact of power distance on HPWS-continuance CTC via economic exchange remained insignificant. In addition, the impact of CTC components on behavioral support for change is found to be statistically significant. In the end, practical and theoretical implications of HPWS- employees‘ pro-change reactions are discussed in the light ofresults.