شہد کی اہمیت تاریخ، تہذیب اور طب کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Honey is one of the oldest and best sweetening agents for foods over the centuries. It is made up of a vast amount of different compounds that can be of nutritional and health benefits.. Thus, the use of honey either as a food or an alternative medicine in the treatment of different disorders is safe, beneficial and free from side effects, honey as food or medicine is advantageous without any hazardous effect. This study has been carried out this subject in order to highlight the importance of honey and its benefits to humanity.

Ethnobotanical Potential of Medicinal Shrubs in Socioeconomic Uplift of Cholistan Rangeland Dwellers

Rangelands are usually managed for their capability to support livestock but their other plant related benefits are nearly overlooked. Rangelands undoubtedly play an important role in the livelihood of nomadic pastoral communities by supporting their livestock. Wild plants in the rangelands supply food stuff, medicine and fuelwood to the local communities. This study was designed to assess the contribution (ethnobotanical potential) of medicinal shrubs of Cholistan rangeland in socioeconomic uplift of local dwellers. Methodology for conducting this research was consisted of structured and unstructured phases. In unstructured stage, field visits were made and plant specimens were collected. Household surveys were conducted to collect ethnobotanical and socioeconomic information from the inhabitants of sixteen villages. Ethnobotanical data were also collected from medicinal plant experts/traditional herb healers by individual interviews by using well prepared separate questionnaires. Seven most common medicinal shrubs e.g. Calotropis procera, Calligonum polygonoides, Haloxylon recurvum, Capparis decidua, Ziziphus nummularia, Haloxylon salincornicum, and Aerva javanica were selected from the area for ethnobotanical studies. The results revealed that shrubs were usually used as fuelwood and some for fruits, wood (for making parts of agricultural tools), washing cloth and performing religious rituals. Local dwellers used these shrubs in curing thirty diseases but the herbal medicine practitioners enlisted fifty two different diseases cured by these plants in different combinations. For instance, Calotropis procera was used in maximum number of diseases while Capparis decidua and Ziziphus nummularia have more multiple uses. But some uses of these shrubs as medicine were first time recorded during this study. The density/availability of Haloxylon recurvum and Ziziphus nummularia is decreasing in the area due to three major factors i.e over exploitation (over grazing etc.), uncertain rain and agriculture expansion. These selected shrubs has role in socioeconomics of the local people (93.8 %) by providing fodder to livestock (20.9 %), as firewood (23.8 %) and as home remedy (21.3 %). Most of the respondents were of the view that the sale of these shrubs as medicine had great potential which could be enhanced to manifold by installing proper medicinal plant processing units at the local level. This will create more income generating sources in the area. Further, most of the medicinal shrubs are being used in the area only as fuelwood. Local dwellers are familiar with unique medicinal uses and recipes of these shrubs for different ailments. But they are not utilizing them completely. These shrubs were collected from the study area and analyzed in the laboratory for determining different nutritive quality parameters like %N [maximum in Aerva javanica (5.22%)], % crude protein [maximum in Aerva javanica (32.5%)], % CF [maximum in the stem bark of Ziziphus nummularia (39.49%)], % Ash [maximum in Aerva javanica (33.49%)], % EEF [maximum in leaves of Calotropis procera (7.61%)], % P [maximum in the roots of Calligonum polygonoides (0.062%)], % K [maximum in Haloxylon recurvum (4.51%)] and % NFE [maximum in the flower of Capparis decidua (69.46%)]. Secondary metabolites like total phenolic [maximum in the fruits of Ziziphus nummularia (4.12 mg/0.1gm)], Total flavonoids [maximum in stem bark of Ziziphus nummularia (0.48 mg/0.1gm)] and Alkaloids [maximum in Aerva javanica (0.17 mg/0.5gm) were also recorded. Presence of secondary metabolites testified the medicinal role of these selected shrubs.