پروفیسر محمد یونس نگرامی ندوی
یہ خبر سن کر بڑا صدمہ ہوا کہ ۴؍ مارچ کو پروفیسر محمد یونس نگرامی کا انتقال ہوگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ ادھر مہینوں سے ملاقات نہیں ہوئی تھی، لکھنؤ آنے جانے والوں سے ان کی علالت کی خبر ملتی تھی مگر یہ خیال نہیں تھا کہ وہ اتنی جلد رختِ سفر باندھ لیں گے۔
ان کی پیدائش لکھنؤ ضلع کے مردم خیز قصبہ نگرام میں ۱۹۴۱ء میں ہوئی تھی، ان کا خاندان علمی و دینی حیثیت سے ممتاز تھا، درس و تدریس، تالیف و تصنیف اور وعظ و ارشاد اس کا طرہ امتیاز تھا۔ ان کے والد مولانا محمد اویس نگرامی ندوی دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں شیخ التفسیر تھے۔ وہ دارالمصنفین کے رفیق اور مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ کے محبوب تلامذہ میں تھے، ان کی صحبت میں مولانا کے تفسیر و قرآنیات کے ذوق کو بڑی جلا ملی، بعد میں وہ دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامی کے رکن بھی ہوئے۔
پروفیسر محمد یونس نگرامی نے اپنے والد ماجد کے زیر سایہ دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں تعلیم پائی۔ پھر جامعہ اسلامیہ مدینہ منورہ گئے، لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی سے پی۔ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری لی، پہلے یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ عربی میں لکچرر اور اب کئی برس سے پروفیسر ہوگئے تھے۔
ان کا تحقیقی مقالہ ’’ہندوستان میں عربی زبان و ادب‘‘ کے موضوع پر تھا، ان کی دوسری کتب و رسائل کے نام یہ ہیں۔ تھوڑی دیر اہل حق کے ساتھ، خیالات، مثالی خواتین، نماز کیسے پڑھیں، تذکرہ مولانا محمد اویس نگرامی، تقدس حج، خلیجی جنگ وغیرہ۔
ندوہ اور جامعہ اسلامیہ مدینہ منورہ میں تعلیم پانے کی وجہ سے عربی لکھنے کی ان کو اچھی مشق ہوگئی تھی، ندوۃ العلماء کے جریدہ الرائد میں ’’نافذۃ علی الھند‘‘ و (ہندوستان کے دریچے سے) کا مستقل کالم ان ہی کے قلم سے ہوتا تھا، البعث الاسلامی میں بھی ان...
The learning of Arabic language like any other foreign language contains four main aspects; reading, writing, speaking and understanding while listening.[i] This learning process can be enhanced if the most appropriate Learning Strategy is used. In this paper the most appropriate Learning Strategy of Arabic Language is suggested. The course outlines for Arabic language are thoroughly studied and several professors and experts of Arabic Language from Pakistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan are interviewed. The author, who himself has vast experience in teaching Arabic language, also had the opportunity to sit in the Arabic language classes to observe various strategies and methodologies adopted by different professors while teaching Arabic. In this paper the time spent on teaching Arabic to the students is also discussed. The appropriate size of the class room i.e, the number of students in Arabic language class also matters in improving the quality of Arabic among the students. The matter of teaching Arabic in Arabic only or in the native language of the students will also be touched in here. As the time has changed and the world is moving ahead on a fast pace, it seems necessary to apply the “Direct Method” while teaching Arabic or any foreign language.[ii] This paper will shed light on what is meant by “Direct Method”. The idea of making the student sit and memorize the dry rules of grammar has become obsolete. The idea of telling the student what part of the phrase is subject or predicate, or what is object and what is a noun or verb, may come later. The idea of memorizing the bulk of new vocabulary in the beginning can also be postponed. Hence a paradigm shift is needed here while talking about the Methodology of Teaching Arabic Language, under the heading of “Direct Method”. [i] Muhammad Abdul Khaliq, Professor of Arabic and co-author of 'al-Arabia baina Yadaik'. The author of this research paper had a personal interview with him on 21.03.2014, in the Institute of Arabic Language, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [ii] This method is adopted roughly by some great scholars of Arabic language like Dr. V. Abdur Rahim who taught Arabic language for decades in the Islamic University of Madina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The author was fortunate to meet with him many times and get benefitted from his experience. See for details: Abdurrahim, V. (1999), Arabic Course for English-Speaking Students, Leicester: UK Islamic Academy. See also: Abdullah, F. Ibrahim. (1999), Iqra Arabic Reader. Chicago: Iqra International Educational Foundation. Moreover see: Fawzan, Abdurrahman and others. (2004), Al-Arabia Baina Yadaik, Riyadh: Ministry of Education.
This research is related to the examination of the relationship of cash flow and level of investment under high
and low investment opportunities of 167 Pakistani non-financial manufacturing firms listed in the Karachi
Stock Exchange (KSE) during the period 2004-2013. It includes two definite objectives 1) to investigate the
relationship between investment and cash flow under high investment opportunities manufacturing firms
listed on KSE for the period 2004 to 2013. 2) to investigate the relationship between investment and cash flow
under low investment opportunities manufacturing firms listed on KSE for the period 2004 to 2013.Tobin's Q
is employed to capture the investment opportunities and sales are taken as control variable.
A panel data regression model is used to investigate the relationship of cash flow, Tobin's Q and sales on the
level of investment. In case of high investment opportunities firms, the relationship of investment and cash
flow is positive and significant while under low investment opportunities firms, this relationship is also positive
but insignificant.
These results indicate that the high opportunities firms rely mostly on internally generated cash flow where as
the low investment opportunities firms prefer to distribute its earning as dividend.