سرسید احمد خاں
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز صد رو میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے :’’سر سید احمد خاں ‘‘
ہزاروں سال نرگس اپنی بے نوری پہ روتی ہے
بڑی مشکل سے ہوتا ہے چمن میں دیدہ ور پیدا
صدرذی وقار!
بچوں کی پیدائش ایک فطرتی امر ہے، بچہ کبھی دولت مند اور صاحبِ ثروت کے گھر میں پیدا ہوتا ہے کبھی بچہ مفلوک الحال کے بغیر چھت کے گھر میں ٹوٹی ہوئی چار پائی پرجنم لیتا ہے ،کبھی بچہ دنیا کی ہوا لیتے ہی خلعتِ فاخرہ زیب تن کر دی جاتی ہے اور کبھی بچے سردی کی یخ بستہ رات میں چیتھڑوں میں ماں کے پہلو سے لپٹا رہتا ہے۔ یوں پیدائش کا سلسلہ جاری رہتا ہے اور شب وروز گزرتے رہتے ہیں۔
صدرِ محترم!
ملت اسلامیہ کو آج پہلے سے بھی زیادہ خطرات ہیں، فرعون صفت باطل قوتیں اپنے بھیانک عزائم لیے ،ظلم و ستم، جبر و تشدد، درندگی و سفاکی کی نئی تاریخ رقم کر رہی ہیں۔ طاغوتی طاقتیں مسلمانوں کے وسائل ہڑپ کررہی ہیں۔ ذہن خریدے جارہے ہیں، نصابِ تعلیم بدلے جارہے ہیں، اسلام دشمن قوتیں اس اُمت کو صفحہ ہستی سے مٹانے کے لیے جمع ہو چکی ہیں۔ یہ الفاظ 1830ء سے لے کر 1860ء تک کسی ادیب کے ضمر کی عکاسی کر رہے ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
ان حالات میں ایک ایسی عظیم ہستی کا انتظار تھا اور ایک عظیم شخصیت کی ضرورت تھی جو ملت کے مرضِ کہن سے بخوبی واقف ہو اور اس کے علاج پر بخوبی دسترس رکھتی ہو، اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہماری اس خواہش کو پورا فرمایا اور سرسید احمد خاں کی شکل میں ہمیں ایک آسمانِ علم وحکمت کا درخشاں آفتاب اور...
Computers are increasingly a part of pre-schoolers to professional lives. The use of multimedia in education has significantly changed people’s learning processes. Computer technology holds promise for improving student performance and quality of teaching education program at all levels. Today, development has been rapid and technology has been acknowledged as an additional teaching tool. Results from a number of research studies indicate that appropriately designed multimedia instruction enhances students’ learning performance in mathematics, and literacy. The purpose of the present paper was to discuss research avenues employing computers as a learning tool and to analyse the results obtained by this method at the pre-schoolers learning level.
In solar wind, the charged particles like electrons, protons, and alpha particles are detected to possess anisotropies in their temperatures. This skewness in their particles distributions acts as a source of free energies to excite di erent modes. These microinstabilities are known to be responsible for checking and limiting the upper levels of anisotropies, speci cally near 1 AU, and thus explains the observations made with spacecrafts more accurately. Previously, threshold conditions for these unstable modes operative under di erent circumstances were presented as an inverse correlation between temperature anisotropy, T?=Tk, and parallel plasma beta,k. These relations were deduced on the basis of linear theory combined with observationalttings, or by simulations like Particle in Cell methods. In present study, a macroscopic quasilinear approach is adopted in which these correlations naturally emerge. A set of self-consistent quasilinear kinetic equations is formulated for dynamical temperatures and wave energy densities, separately, for homogeneous and inhomogeneous solar wind medium. The solutions of these equations are not only giving us a dynamical picture of temperatures and wave energy densities, but also con rm inverse correlation between temperature anisotropy and parallel plasma beta atnal stages of numerical solutions. A bi-Maxwellian form of particle''s distribution is assumed all the time except that temperatures of solar wind species may vary in time t. The validity of same approximation is justi ed based on theoretical and simulations studies. Firstly, we have studied right-hand polarized electromagnetic electron cyclotron instability conditioned for T?e > Tke based on core/halo components model. The time asymptotic states of core and halo electrons temperatures along with wave energy density are displayed. Marginal stability curves, separately, for core and halo electrons populations are con rmed at the saturation stages of particles trajectories in ( k; T?=Tk) phase space. Secondly, a detailed quasilinear analysis of electronsrehose mode is carried out assuming dynamical ions. This left-hand polarized electromagnetic mode becomes excited for excessive parallel temperature i.e Tke > T?e, and is important for an upper check of solar wind temperatures along the ambient magneticeld. Time history of parallel electron anisotropy regulation, variations in ions heating, and associated wave energy density saturation is shown. Final stages of numerical plots of dynamical equations are corresponded to electronrehose and electromagnetic ion cyclotron marginal stability curves. Thirdly, in quasilinear frame-work, assuming dynamical ions and electrons in an inhomogeneous solar wind medium, an interplay of electron and proton instabilities is studied. We point it out as one of the mechanisms of an outstanding issue that, the majority of data points are observed in near isotropic state in phase space for protons species. In fact, this interplay of proton-cyclotron and electron rehose instabilities is leading a counter-balancing e ect which, in turn, prevents a further progression of solar wind protons towards marginalrehose state. At the end, the spatial damping for parallel propagating modes is also looked in degenerate environments employing a linear kinetic model. Foreld free case, a comparison of skin depth is made for degenerate and non-degenerate environments in di erent relativistic regimes. The role of ambient magneticeld is also characterized for these anomalous skin e ects.