مراتب اختر کی نظم گوئی
جدیداُردو نظم کا وہ پودا جسے آزادؔ اور حالیؔ نے لگایا تھا اور اس کی آبیاری میں اکبرالٰہ آبادی، اسماعیل میرٹھی اور علامہ اقبال جیسے شعرا کا ہاتھ ہے تو اسے پروان چڑھانے میں میراجی اور ن۔م۔راشد نے بھی اپنا حصہ ڈالا اور اس کی تراش خراش کر کے اس کو ایک مضبوط تناوردرخت بنانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ ۱۹۶۰ء کی دہائی کے شعرا نے آزادنظم کو اپنے اظہار کا سب سے اہم اور مقبول ذریعہ تصوّرکیا اور جان بوجھ کر پابند نظمیں لکھنے سے گریز کیا۔ ان شعراکی کوشش سے پہلی بار اُردو شاعری میں وسیع پیمانے پر آزادنظم لکھی گئی۔ اس دور کے اکثر شعرا نے تو صرف نظم کے میدان میں طبع آزمائی کی مگر کچھ ایسے تھے جنھوں نے غزل اور نظم دونوں میدانوں میں اپنے فن کے جوہر دکھائے۔
مراتب اختر کا شمار بھی ایسے شعرا میں ہوتا ہے جنھوں نے غزل گوئی کے ساتھ ساتھ نظم پر بھی طبع آزمائی کی اور اپنے اسلوب، فن اور فکر کی وجہ سے ہم عصر شعرا میں اہم مقام حاصل کرنے میں کامیاب ہوئے۔ مراتب اختر کی نظموں پر تبصرہ کرتے ہوئے معروف نقاد ڈاکٹرخواجہ محمدزکریا لکھتے ہیں:
یہ آزادنظمیں ہیں لیکن سطروں کی تقسیم پر مہارت ہر نظم میں موجود ہے۔ فنی عبور سے قطع نظر ان نظموں میں مراتب اختر کی شخصیت، ان کے خیالات اور محسوسات کی تصویریں ہر جگہ موجود ہیں۔ نظموں سے دوستوں کی محفلوں میں شاعر کی تنہائی، انسان کے مقابل کائنات کی وسعت، زماں کے بہتے ہوئے دھارے میں انسان کی بے بسی، دُنیا کے ریلے، ہجوم، ٹریفک، ہوٹلوں میں گفتگو کے سلسلے، روشنیاں اوران میں تنہا انسان جنھیں جلد ہی ماضی کا حصہ بن کر...
The research methodology represents a scientific feature that highlights its manifestations and its fruits according to the nature and results of the methodology; this shows the intellectual contribution and impact on the advancement of human civilization in the scientific field. The methodology of Muhaddithin provided an innovative and practical approach about the certainty of narations which they had devised and applied. The question is: what is the way to document the narrations? To answer this question needs to refer to the books of sciences of Hadith, and when looking at these books shows that they are addressing this issue under different topics. But the knowledge of narrations in terms of the factors pertaining to certainty is not covered in special sub title, but there are hints scattered in different places in the books of sciences of Hadith. There is still a need to address the issue comprehensively in all aspects relating the factors of certainty, Hence the goal of the research from the next two points 1- Exploration the foundations and factors pertaining to the certainty about the narrations. 2- Highlight the methodological innovation according to Muhaddithin in this regard. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of Methodological Bases and warranting Circumstances for Sunnah Authentication.
This thesis examines civil-military relations in Pakistan and the role played by the judiciary whenever bitterness occurs in their relations. The study begins from 1977 when the state was placed under martial law despite constitutional safeguards against such moves. All arbitrary attacks on the elected government, either through a direct military takeover or through the president who was bestowed with sweeping powers under constitutional amendment of Zia era, have also proved fatal for judiciary despite the court’s willingness to support the takeover. The independence of judiciary was assaulted by employing different tactics such as by appointing likeminded judges, setting up of a separate hierarchy of courts and bringing amendments to the constitution for curtailing its jurisdiction. Both General Zia and General Musharraf asked the judges to take fresh vote of their offices under a special order and the refusal of which culminated into the latter’s forced retirement. The military would then put in place a coalition set up consisting of politicians, business elites and local bodies representatives … all willing to support the military junta. Reference may be made to the political set up based on a power sharing formula which General Ziaul Haq brought to the force in March 1985. The basis of this power sharing arrangement was the erstwhile Eighth Constitutional Amendment passed by a rubber stamp parliament in 1985. Through this amendment, the military had chalked out a parameter within which the civilian set up was to operate. The 8th Amendment had a devastating effect particularly its Article 58(2)(b). General Ziaul Haq’s removal of Muhammad Khan Junejo from office was under this Article. When the arbitrary action was challenged, the Supreme Court sided with the General even though the latter was in the next world at the time of Court judgement. Though the military rule ended in August 1988, it left behind a new pattern of civil-military relations under the 8th Constitutional Amendment, wherein Article 58(2)(b) served as a safety valve against direct military intervention. In the post Ziaul Haq era, the military opted to exercise an indirect influence on the fate of a setting elected government. The successive elected governments faced legitimacy crisis in 1990s and their attempt to assert authority would be foiled because of the agenda set - forth for them by the military in mid 1980s. There are instances to suggest that the military commanders and the President of Pakistan had acted in unanimity for dislodging three civilian governments one after another in 1990, 1993 and 1996. The arbitrary action of both Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari as presidents, were not entirely free of military influence. To keep their hold over national politics, the military adopted a two-fold strategy i.e., get a political set-up dismantled through the exercise of power under 58(2)(b) by the president and, alternatively, to topple the government directly as was the case in October 1999. On each occasion of arbitrary action for a governmental change - either through a military takeover or the presidential power under the constitution, the judiciary was found willing to validate the action based on one or another doctrine.