Detection of Metalo-Beta-Lactamase Gene in Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Lahore, Pakistan Detection of Metalo-Beta-Lactamase Gene in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread organism, caused severe nosocomial infection in human and associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR)Objective: The present study was carried out to observe current antimicrobial resistant pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lahore and to detect the Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) gene in carbapenem resistantPseudomonas aeruginosaMethods: By screening 360 samples total 123 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified by standard microbiology techniques such as microscopy and biochemical testing. The isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for drug resistance by disc diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to identify the carbapenem resistance causing gene (bla-VIM and bla-IMP) Results: Following antibiotic resistant pattern was observed, Gentamycin (59.00%), Ceftazidime(58.7%), Ceftriaxone (58.00%), Cefotazime (57.0%) and Ciprofloxacin (55.00%). Resistance rates to carbapenem group of antibiotics is Doripenem (30.5%) Meropenem(31.0%) and Imipenem (28.0%). Out of 123 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28 isolates were found resistant to carbapenem group of antibiotic which was supposed to be highly sensitive for this bacterium. Molecular based identification of resistance genes showed that bla-IMP gene was present in 32.1% (09) and bla-VIM was found positive in 17.8% (04) samples. Metallo-beta-lactamasesproducing genes (bla-VIM and bla-IMP), amongcarbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detectedin 28.1% of samples. If other carbapenem resistant gene were also included this number might be higherConclusions: PCRbased test should be included in routine laboratory examination for quick detection of the resistancecausing genes.

Exploring the Experiences of the Appraisers and the Appraisees About Performance Appraisal

Teacher Performance Appraisal has emerged as the most significant and a vital tool for all the educational organizations. The organizations seek to assess the employees, especially the teaching staff, in order to develop their professional competence and enhance their performance with the provision of reward and other fiscal incentives. The purpose of this study was to unveil the positive impacts of the current appraisal model that the AKES, P has introduced in schools across the country. This research study was carried out under the qualitative research paradigm. Under which a phenomenological study method was used to collect the required data, where semi-structured interviews and document analysis remained the major data collection tools. There were total ten research participants, which included two head teachers as appraisers and eight teachers as appraisees from two secondary schools of Gilgit-Baltistan. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling where teaching experience in terms of number of years endured the independent variable. The data reveal that the current appraisal system has been very influential in order to maximize teachers' professional development opportunities and enhance students' academic achievements since its inception across the organization. The data also indicate that the current appraisal system has not only benefited the staff but has also contributed to the organizational effectiveness and progress. The study further reveals that the appraisal model despite being an effective one will not be productive unless there are well qualified appraisers and multiple sources of data for the final appraisal process. Therefore, the study suggests the organization to arrange trainings and orientation sessions for the appraisers. Similarly, there is a great need to bring about changes in the current appraisal procedure and process.