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مسافر کے قویٰ جواب دے چکے تھے مگر جسمانی تھکن سے زیادہ روحانی آسودگی مسافر کو رت جگے پراکسا رہی تھی ۔کیا واقعی میںقاہرہ میں ہوں ؟اپنے آپ سے بار بار اس سوال میں خوشی کی وہ سرشاری تھی جو تھکاوٹ کے احساس کو مغلوب کر رہی تھی ۔ایک طرف قاہرہ شہر کی بڑی عمارات اور فلک بوس مینار اپنی حقیقت مجھ پر آشکار کر رہے تھے تو دوسری طرف میری پیشوائی کے لیے ایک عظیم تہذیب ،ایک بزرگ تاریخ ،قرآنی آیات کے عملی نمونے اور چشم کشا تفسیریں چشم براہ تھے۔مصری تہذیب اور تاریخ کے بارے میں تھوڑی بہت جانکاری تھی مگر شہر قاہرہ کب وجود میں آ یا اور کن کن اقوام نے اس کو اپنا مسکن بنایا ۔ اس حوالے سے کوئی خاطر خواہ معلومات نہ تھی ۔اس کے باوجود میں سحر قاہرہ سے آزاد نہ تھا۔ اس شہر کے رعب و دبدبے اور اس کی تاریخی حیثیت سے چشم پوشی ممکن نہ تھی ۔کہتے ہیں کہ یورپ کے تہذیبی مرکز پیرس کو جب چھینک بھی آتی ہے تو یورپ کو زکام ہو جاتا ہے۔ کچھ ایسا ہی اعزاز عرب دنیا میں قاہرہ کو حاصل ہے براعظم افریقہ کا یہ شہر جو ابتدائے اسلام میںہی عربی شہر بن گیا تھا اور زبان و مذہب عربوں کا اختیار کر لیا تھاوہ آج عرب دنیا کا سب سے زیادہ پڑھا لکھا اور علم و فنون کی درسگاہوں کا محور و مرکز بن چکا ہے اس لیے قاہرہ میں جو سماجی ،سیاسی لہر اٹھتی ہے وہ پوری عرب دنیا میں محسو س کی جاتی ہے ۔اس میںکوئی مبالغہ نہیںہے کہ مغربی افریقہ سے مشرقِ وسطیٰ تک پھیلی ہوئی عرب دنیا پر ثقافتی اور علمی سطح پر حکمرانی مصرکی ہے ۔
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Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.
Objective: To characterize the immunophenotypic features of CLL/SLL among patients diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.
Background: Cancer is a growing health burden worldwide. Rising to this challenge will require improved diagnostic services. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is common in elderly patients. Early laboratory criteria for diagnosis only required demonstration of persistent lymphocytosis and morphological evaluation. The current international standard in diagnosis however, incorporates findings of immunophenotyping. Facilities for immunophenotyping have generally been unavailable in Kenya. The Royal Marsden Hospital criteria (RMH) provide a scoring system that enables CLL/SLL to be distinguished from other mature B cell disorders.
Method: A laboratory based cross sectional survey conducted from August 2011 to April 2012. A census of eligible cases was conducted. Potential cases were identified based on the French-American-British (FAB) morphologic criteria for CLL. Consecutive samples were obtained and subjected to 3 colour immunophenotyping on a Beckman Coulter Cytomics FC 500 cytometer. A limited panel of antibodies was used. These included CD5, CD19, CD22, CD23, FMC7, kappa and lambda. CLL/SLL was defined using the RMH scoring system. The baseline clinical and diagnostic data were also obtained.
Results: Forty nine cases met the eligibility criteria. Thirty one were known CLL cases and 18 were newly diagnosed. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years (range 45-95 years). Male: Female ratio was 1.3:1. Black patients were more likely to present with high risk disease (Rai stages III-IV) and with higher lymphocyte counts than non-blacks at diagnosis. 26.5% presented in Rai stage 0. The prevalence of CD5/CD23 co-expression in cases defined as CLL was found to be 95.9%. CD5 was universally expressed whereas CD23 was present in all but 2 cases. Both were associated with atypical morphology. Complete absence of light chain expression using a monoclonal antibody was found in 12.2% of cases. Five patients had their diagnosis revised. Of 30 patients on follow-up for CLL, only 1 in 6 had had any form of immunophenotyping done.
Conclusion: Immunophenotyping is diagnostically productive and should be part of the diagnostic workup when a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder is suspected.