امام شافعیؒ کے نزدیک قتل کی مندرجہ ذیل تین اقسام ہیں:
This paper has been written for comparative analysis of adoption in Islam with adoption as it is known in modern jurisprudence throughout the world having itssecular background. Concept of adoption and its scope in Islam has been explored. Further importance of adoption in Islam has been re-iterated in this paper with support of Quranic verses, Hadis and with Instances from Sunnah. Special attention has been drawn towards prevailing laws in Pakistan regarding adoption, protection and security measures embodied in those laws. An overview of Superior Courts Judgement has been made in order to demonstrate the bent of courttowards adoption of child and interpretation of law concerning child adoption. This paper also touches the growing international concerns of child laundering and for this purpose brief intro of recent steps taken in Pakistan, i. E. Establishment of Sindh Child Protection Authority and enactment of The Prevention of Human Trafficking in Persons Act, 2018 has been given.
Freshwater is an inimitable natural source with fascinating qualities. Worldwide availability of clean water is deficient as its demand has increased three folds since 1950s mainly in countries of African, Middle Eastern and South Asian regions (Gleick, 2003). Amongst major water consuming segments, agriculture ranks at the top, sharing for nearly 85% of worldwide utilization (Jury and Vaux, 2007). Several millions people are likely to face challenge of severe water scarcity associated with global warming in future. Around 92% total land in Pakistan constitutes arid or semi arid areas where the availability of water is naturally insufficient. Pakistan has not been blessed with ample water resources to meet the irrigation requirements of agricultural lands (Tahir et al., 2011). About 27% of the total geographic area is under cultivation in Pakistan. In Punjab, total area under crop production is 57% of total cultivated area (Rehman et al., 2013). Vegetables are annually grown on an area of 253,800 hectares in Pakistan (Perveen et al., 2010). There are several contributing factors leading to water shortage in Pakistan including poor distribution systems of irrigation, salty ground water, rapid population growth and frequent drought conditions. This situation has lead to the application of untreated city waste water for irrigating agricultural lands which has now become a common and prevalent practice in Pakistan (Khalil and Kakar, 2011) especially in peri-urban areas and in many other developing countries of the world (Ensink et al., 2004a; Sharma et al., 2007; Nagajyothi et al., 2009; Nath et al., 2009).