الباب الرابع: شعر نازك الملائكة وبروین شاکر (دراسة مقارنة)
في ھذا الباب سأتحدث في الفصل الأول عن أشعار نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر(المتشابھۃ) وسأوضح أوجہ التشابہ فیما بینھما وھذا لا یدل علی أن لیست ھناك۔ إختلافات فیما بینھما في ھذہ القصائد ولکن أقصد من الأشعار المتشابھۃ أن التشابہ في الأفکار والأسلوب والأحزان ورأیھما في الحیاۃ قریب جداً من بعضھما البعض أما في الفصل الثاني فسأتحدث عن أشعار نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر(المختلفۃ) وأقصد من ذلک أن الإختلافات في قصائدھما أکثر من المتشابھات، وقد عملتُ بکل جھدي وتعبي فی تقدیم ھذا العمل وقمتُ بشرح مجمل بسیط لأشعارھما ومقارنتھما بشکل إجمالي دون التعمق في النقد والبلاغۃ۔
Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.
The primary purpose of this dissertation is to study the nonlinear screening effect of electrostatic field and the nonlinear structure of ion-acoustic solitary waves in relativistic degenerate electron-positron-ion plasmas. Nonlinear screening process in ultrarelativistic degenerate electron-positron gas is investigated by deriving a generalized nonlinear Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. In the simple one-dimensional case, the nonlinear Poisson equation leads to Debye-like (Coulomb-like) solutions at distances larger (less) than the characteristic length. When the electrostatic energy is larger than thermal energy this nonlinear Poisson equation converts into the relativistic Thomas-Fermi equation whose asymptotic solution in 3D shows that the potential field goes to zero at infinity much more slowly than the Debye potential. The possibility of the formation of a bound state in electron-positron plasma is also indicated. Further, it is investigated that the strong spatial fluctuations of the potential field may reduce the screening length and that the root mean square of this spatial fluctuating potential goes to zero for large distance rather slowly as compared with the case of the Debye potential. The arbitrary and small amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves are studied separately in all three regimes (relativistic, non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic). The former is studied by using Sagdeev type-pseudo potential approach in plasmas consisting of collisionless, unmagnetized and degenerate dense electron-positron, and the non- relativistic cold classical ions. The electrons and positrons are assumed to follow the corresponding Fermi Dirac distribution function while the ions are described by the hydrodynamic equations. It is significant to note that the ion-acoustic speed in the degenerate pair-ion plasma does not only depend upon the electron Fermi temperature and ion mass, it also depends upon the concentration of the positrons and the ions in the plasma. Along with approximate solution, the exact amplitude solitary structure is also investigated numerically. It is seen that only compressive and supersonic solitary waves can propagate through such plasmas. The presence of the positions in the plasma drastically reduces the amplitude of the ion-acoustic solitary waves while the plasma thermal temperature increases it slightly.