استنباط احکام میں حضرت عائشہ کا منہج قرآن کریم کی روشنی میں

In this article an effort has been made to describe Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) ’s methodology of derivation of Ahk฀m from Holy Quran. Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is basic source of Islamic Shar฀‘ah. Hazrat ‘฀ishah Sidd฀qah (R. A) was the wife of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W), and the daughter of Hazrat Ab฀ Bakr (R. A). She spent her time in learning and acquiring knowledge of the two most important sources of Islam, the Qur'an and the Sunnah of His Prophet (S. A. W). Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) narrated 2210 Ah฀d฀th out of which 174 Ah฀d฀th are commonly agreed upon by Bukh฀ri and Muslim. She was an ardent and zealous student of Islamic jurisprudence. She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Umm Al-Mu’min฀n Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a great scholar and interpreter of Islam, providing guidance to even the greatest of the Companions (R. A) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W). She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Whenever necessary, she corrected the views of the greatest of the Companions of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). It is thus recognized, from the earliest times in Islam, that about one-fourth of Islamic Shar฀‘ah is based on reports and interpretations that have come from Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A). As a teacher she had a clear and persuasive manner of speech. Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a role model for women. She taught Islam many people. She was an authority on many matters of Islamic Law, especially those concerning women.

Mutagenesis for Hyper Production of Streptokinase from Streptococcus Equisimilis and Comparative Sequence Analysis of Sk Gene

Streptokinase (SK) is protein excreted by strains of β-hemolytic Streptococci. It is applied as treatment of life-threatening diseases thrombosed arteriovenous shunts, and thromboembolism. Streptokinase is naturally produced by several bacterial strains especially Streptococci. In connection with its broad application in the field of medicine, there is an urgent need to search for methods of its hyper production. Present study aimed at SK hyper production by mutagenesis of S. equisimilis strain. The wild bacterial strain S. equisimilis was subjected to random mutagenesis (UV irradiation and Ethidium bromide) for enhanced streptokinase production. The modified strain was assessed for the activity of streptokinase. The mutant S. equisimilis UV6 showed the maximum SK production and activity. By standardizing the effects of different factors like substrate (CSL), carbon source, salt concentration, temperature and pH an optimum fermentation protocol for SK production was established. The higher SK production was observed in mutant strain UV6 601 U mL-1 with increased activity up to 400 %. The SK was purified and its kinetics data indicated improved activity as its Km value was low as compared to wild SK. The SK gene from mutant UV6 was amplified and cloned in E. coli using pTZ57R/T vector. The gene was sequenced and compared with the wild SK gene to check the genetic difference between wild and mutant strain. In our study, the comparative sequence analysis revealed 26 point mutations, among these 3 were transitions (A to G) while the remaining 23 were transversions (A/G to C/T) in coding region of sk gene. Moreover, 3 amino acid deletions at the C terminal region of SK protein were predicted due to non-sense mutation in coding region (resulting in a stop codon after residue 437). The activity of any protein is direcly linked with amino acid composision. in our studies, the in-silico analyses predicted that amino acid residues at position 22, 62, 64 and 80 could be accountable in SK hyperactivity.