کلرک کا نغمہ محبت کا تنقیدی جائزہ
میرا جی کے سماجی شعور کااظہار ان کی کئی نظموں میں ہوا ہے۔ جہاں چھوٹے طبقوں سے ان کی واضح وابستگی کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے ان کی نظمم کلرک کانغمہ محبت اس کی بہترین مثال ہے۔
متوسط طبقے کی ذہنی عکاسی:
سب رات مری سپنوں میں گزر جاتی ہے اور میں سوچتا ہوں
پھر صبح کی دیوی آتی ہے
اپے بستر سے اٹھتا ہوںمنہ دھوتا ہوں
لایا تھا کل جو ڈبل روٹی
اس میں سے آدھی کھائی تھی
باقی جو بچی وہ میرا آج کا ناشتہ ہے
اس بندمیں جس طرح ایک متوسط طبقے کے شخص کی ذہنی عکاسی کی گئی ہے۔ وہ مشاہدے کی زیر کی دلیل ہے۔ متوسط طبقے کا یہ شخص کیسے ایسے سہانے خواب دیکھتا ہے لیکن حقیقت یہ ہے کہ رات کی بچی ہوئی روٹی کھا کر دفتر روانہ ہونا پڑتاہے۔ حقیقت اور سپنے کا یہ تضاد میر ا جی کے مشاہدے کی دلیل تو ہے ہی ‘ کلرک کے ساتھ ان کی وابستگی اور اس کے مسائل کو اسی کی سطح پر اتر کر سمجھنے کی ایک کوشش بھی ہے۔ اس نظم میں محرومیوں کا طویل سلسلہ ہے جن سے اس نظم کا مرکزی کردار گزرتاہے۔ ا? س پاس کی ا?سائشوں اور لوگوں کے اطمینان و سکون کو دیکھتا دفتر پہنچتا ہے۔ اور اپنے افسر کی فضول باتیں سنتا ہے۔ نظم کا اختتام ان سطروں پر ہوتا ہے۔
پل بھر کے لیے اپنے کمرے کو فائل لینے ا?تا ہوں
اور دل کی آگ سلگتی ہے میں بھی جو کوئی افسر ہوتا
اس شہر کی دھول اور گلیوں سے کچھ دورمرا گھر ہوتا
اور تو ہوتی
لیکن میں تو اک منشی ہوں تو اونچے گھر کی رانی ہے
یہ میری پریم کہانی ہے اور دھرت سے بھی پرانی ہے
طبقاتی ناانصافیوں کا نوحہ:
یہ ایک...
Background of the Study: To compare the effects of relaxing music therapy with task-oriented training of lower limbs on the balance and functional status in patients with chronic stroke.
Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample of 76 participants with chronic stroke, aged 40-60 years, and on assistance walking, were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. Individuals who had physical impairments and visual or hearing deficits were not included in the study. Group A received task-oriented training with routine physical therapy while Group B received Music therapy additionally. Three sessions on alternate days per week for eight weeks were given. Balance and functional independence were the outcome variables measured using the Berg Balance Scale and Functional Independence Measure respectively. Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA were applied for between-group and within-group differences respectively. P-value was significant at ≤0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 54.05 ± 3.64 years, the majority i.e., 55 (72.4%) were male, 46 (60.5%) had ischemic stroke and 53 (69.7%) were presented with left-sided weakness. A statistically significant difference was observed among both groups in balance (p =.000) and functional independence (p=0.000). The within-group difference was also significant for balance (p=0.000) and functional independence (p=0.000).
Conclusion: The integration of relaxing music therapy, task-oriented training, and routine physiotherapy is effective in improving balance and functional independence in chronic stroke patients.
Asthma and allergy are common and complex diseases often co-occurring within the same individual. Genetic as well as environmental factors such as consanguinity and early sensitization to allergens significantly influence the onset and progress of the disease. Aim of the following study was to investigate the association of environmental factors and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate genes with asthma in Pakistani population. The studied population consisted of 368 genetically unrelated volunteers. Three SNPs from 2 genes Group Specific Component gene GC (rs4588 and rs7041) and Glutathione S-Transferase P1 gene GSTP1 (rs1695) were selected for genotype analysis by Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), whereas 15 SNPs form Interleukin 33 gene IL33 (rs1412426, rs1342326, rs992969, rs928413, rs2066362, rs996029, rs10815388, rs10975501, rs17498196, rs10975516, rs10975519, rs7047921, rs1332290, rs16924241 and rs8172) were selected for ABI’s Taqman 7900 genotyping. Mean age was 34.04± 16.30 for males and 33.89±13.15 for females whereas the mean BMI was 22.01±4.04 for males and 23.23±5.21 for females. About 68.20% subjects lived in urban areas and 31.79% lived in rural areas. Parents of 87.5% of the studied population had married within their own caste system, 60.05% of which were first cousins. Family history of Asthma was prevalent in 48.91% of the Asthmatic population. Total 60.86% asthma cases were classified as adult and 39.13% cases were classified as pediatric onset asthma, based on the age at which the diagnosis of asthma was concluded. Asthma severity was based on the percent predicted FEV1 and categorized as intermittent (2.71%), mild persistent (0.54%), moderate persistent (40.21%) and severe persistent (56.52%). Total serum IgE levels were 121±2.91 lU/mI for the control population and 584.2±4.61 lU/mI in asthmatics. Males had higher IgE levels (181IU/ml) than the females (99lU/ml). Amongst the atopic manifestations cough was the most prevalent symptom (82.06%) closely followed by wheeze (80.97%) whereas skin allergies were the least prevalent (22.82%). Seasonal variations were reported to be the most significant asthma trigger (95.65%) followed by dust (72.82%) and food allergies (60.32%). Asthma attacks were more frequent in winter season (57.06%) and in transitional period between changing seasons (48.36%). Only 3.80% reported no seasonal correlations with asthma. Smoking asthmatics constituted 11.41% of the studied asthmatic population whereas 62.5% were exposed to tobacco smoke for long periods of time, 51.08% asthmatics were exposed to tobacco smoke but never smoked themselves. Homeopathic medicine was used by 14.67% and 33.69% turned to Hakeems however; the use of complimentary alternate medication remained the most popular (39.13%) mostly due to the lack of side effects associated with such treatments. Total 18 SNPs from 3 candidate genes were genotyped using RFLP and ABI’s Taqman. RFLP was carried out in 2 genes (GC/VDBP, GSTP1). Significant association of GC/VBDP GC2 homozygote asthma was established (OR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.786 - 5.535, p = <0.001) through 90% reproducibility. GSTP1 Ile/Ile homozygote showed significant association with asthma (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.347 - 4.043, p = 0.003) in Pakistani population. 15 SNPs from Interleukin-33 were genotyped on the ABI platform. rs17498196 (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.18- 2.68 p = 0.005) and rs992969 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.99- 2.04 p = 0.05) were significantly associated with the risk of asthma, however the risk becomes non-significant with cousin parents removed rs17498196 (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.23- 4.74 p = 0.01) and rs992969 (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.80- 2.48 p = 0.23) respectively. These results highlight the importance of consanguineous unions in inheritance of asthma as a genetic disorder. LD analysis between the SNPs revealed strong linkage disequilibrium between rs10975516, rs10975519, rs7047921 and rs1332290 even with cousin parents removed remaining good predictors of each other. rs1412426, rs1342326, rs992969 and rs928413 showed moderate LD which further decreased with cousin parents removed, implicating consanguinity in the inheritance of asthma risk allele.