اسم ِ استفہامیہ :أیان کب؟
ارشارِ ربانی ہے:
"يَسُلوْنَک اَيَّانَ يَوْمُ الدِّيْنِ"۔[[1]]
"پوچھتے ہیں کہ یوم جزا کب ہوگا ؟"۔
یعنی انکار اور ہنسی کے طور پر پوچھتے ہیں کہ ہاں صاحب! وہ انصاف کا دن کب آئے گا ؟ آخر اتنی دیر کیوں ہو رہی ہے؟
In the Islamic Law i. E. Quran and Sunnah the above mentioned topic has been discussed clearly and repeatedly to avoid any ambiguity in dealings in our daily life and agreements made between two parties or governments national or international levels. After intensive study I discussed and elaborated the said issue referring to the Qura’nic verses and sayings of the Prophet (SAW). The matter is of great importance; hence the Muslims Jurists have also given their valuable opinions in accordance with the Islamic Law which have been incorporated also to solve the issue. If we act upon these verdicts, we will be able to select the best among ourselves and form an ideal government and will discharge our duties honestly, and eventually our every act will show our responsibility to perform our duties and to give due share to the right person.
Saussurea lappa is an endangered medicinal plant was selected for in vitro biochemical assarys. Seeds and apical shoot explants were surface sterilized using different standard protocols. The explants were placed on semi solid MS media (1 mgL-1 2-4 D and 0.5 mgL-1 Kn) for callus induction. The three different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) were used separately for surface sterilization for 8 minutes. The 0.2% concentration of HgCl2 showed best sterilization (96%). While, 0.1% used for 1 minute was found best in case of seedling apical shoot sterilization. The apical shoot explants showed better results for multiple shoot proliferation on MS medium containing 1.0 mgL-1 benzyle amino purine (BAP) and showed best results with maximum number of shoots, roots, length of shoot and root per explants. At same concentration the explants produced 90% shoots and produced 93.66% roots. About 80% plants were survived after hardening.Calli were induced from explants (root, shoot and leaf) of micropropagated plant and 3 days old sterilized seedling. It was found that seedling and root explants were more efficient compared to other explants. The highest RGR of callus was noted in seedling explants followed by root explants. The seedling derived callus RGR, relative water content (RWC) and dry weight were measured for three weeks and found that with increase of time duration a little decrease occurred in RGR. The overall results showed that 2 weeks old callus was the best to use. The highest level of proline and total soluble sugar accumulation was observed in the root callus. However, calli and root showed higher concentration of Na and K ions. Non-significant differences were observed in calcium content of all tested samples. Whereas, the content of Mg was found high in roots, petiole and lamina compared to calli. For HPLC analysis, shoot derived callus, seven days old and fifteen days old of root calli were harvested. The ethanolic extracts of calli, cultivated and wild plant roots, petiole and lamina were analysed for costunolide content using high performance liquid chromatography. Costunolide was identified at retention time 14.8 minutes in root derived calli and natural roots, not in calli derived from shoot and cultivated plant lamina and petiole. Wild root collected from Kashmir hills (root c) produced high quantity 1.257 µgmL1 of costunolide followed by fifteen days old (callus b) callus 1.119 µgmL-1 and seven days old callus 1.118 µgmL-1 (callus c) while the quantity from cultivated root (root b, root a) was 1.105 µgmL-1, 1.102 µgmL-1 from Koza gali, Abbottabad and Peshawar respectively.