اتاترک، مصطفےٰ کمال
غمِ کمال
آخر اس عیسیٰ نفس کو بھی موت آگئی جس نے بیمار ٹرکی کو شفا، اور اس کو موت کے پنجہ سے چھڑا کر زندگی بخشی تھی، دنیا نے اس کا ماتم کیا، اور عجیب تر یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے بھی اس کا ماتم کیا جنھوں نے اس کو تختہ دار پر چڑھانے میں کوئی کوشش اٹھا نہ رکھی تھی لیکن اس کی تلوار نے ہر بیڑی کو کاٹا اور ہر زنجیر کے ٹکڑے کئے اور پرانی ٹرکی کو جلا کر اس کی راکھ سے ایک نئی ٹرکی بنا کر کھڑی کی ۱۹۲۰ء میں کون خیال کرسکتا تھا کہ اتحادیوں کے پنجۂ ستم سے بچ کر یہ شکار صحیح و سلامت نکل آئے گا، مگر اس کی تدبیروں نے آخر ہر تدبیر کو شکست دی، ڈاکٹر اقبال نے سچ کہا:
قاہری با دلبری پیغمبری است
ایسا سیاسی پیغمبر اگر کوئی ہوا ہے تو وہ مصطفی کمال اتا ترک تھا، جو تاج و تخت، خدم و حشم، باڈی گارڈ اور محافظوں کے دستہ کے بغیر ملک پر حکمرانی کرتا تھا، اس نے اسلام کے اس سیاسی رنگ کا دھندلا سا منظر پیش کیا تھا، جس کے دیکھنے کو خلافت راشدہ کے بعد سے مسلمانوں کی آنکھیں بیتاب تھیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ سے دعا ہے کہ وہ مرحوم کو اپنی مغفرت و رحمت کے فتوحات سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کی اجتہادی غلطیوں سے درگزر کرے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۳۸ء)
In this article meaning of Taradif (synonymity) and identical meanings are treated from diverse aspects. Its implications in Arabic language have been particularly focused one. The article deals with different thoughts of lexicographers in this regard. There are some lexicographers who of the opinion that there does not exist any taraduf and different words are used for different meanings. For instance they do not believe that Saif(ÿ) and Sarim (rju>) have any Taraduf between them. In fact, according to them they are used for two different meanings and hence they do not give identical meanings. There is another group of lexicographers who are supporters of the existence of taraduf in Arabic language. In this regard they present the examples of existence of about 100 words for the meaning of "LION". Such as asad (J-I) Ghazanfar (>~ÿ) and daraghim etc. They also argue that denial of taradufcan lead to many linguistic problems. Such as how one can/would translate the phrase (v V) without need of rephrasing to the phrase of (v eiiV)
The work presented in this thesis addresses the dynamical control systems regarding manufacturing, industrial processing and transportation, in local and distributed environment adapting simplified design techniques. This enhances the control strategies giving multi-agents based autonomous capabilities. A new design model of fuzzy logic discrete event (DEV) control system under time constrain is proposed and implemented for industrial applications. Three systems: grinding and mixing fuzzy logic time control system, liquids mixing fuzzy logic time control system, and multi- dimensional supervisory control industrial processing system using fuzzy time control are designed. In this regard, a simplified design approach is adapted to reduce the complexity of memory based fuzzy systems and to enhance the controllability and stability of the systems. Design of: fuzzifier, inference engine, rule base, deffuzifiers, and DEV control system, is discussed. Time control fuzzy rules are formulated, applied and tested using MATLAB simulation for the systems. The simulation results of each proposed application are found in agreement with the design based calculated results. For vehicles automation, multi-agents based autonomous railway vehicles control model is designed. In this regard, a new speed scheduling, management and control model is established to meet the requirements of modern autonomous train systems. This research work proposes to develop a novel control system to enhance the efficiency of the vehicles under constraints of various conditions: hard conditions; junction track condition, track clearance, and crossing gates condition, flexible conditions; environment monitoring, track condition, and tilting condition. Various development techniques to establish the multi-agents based autonomous railway vehicles control system are discussed and proposed for implementation using high tech microelectronics technology. The design and simulation work is carried out at the laboratories of GC University Lahore Pakistan, and The School of Electronics and Engineering-SEE, Edinburgh University U.K during research fellowship to work with system level integration group SLIg using MATLAB-simulink, and Xilinx 10.1 suit for ISE and DSP tools.