Women and Feminism: A Discourse Analysis of Contemporary Theories and Islamic Teachings

Modern social activists through media present Islam’s view about women as an oppressed figure linked to her sexuality through so-called liberalism; her oppression is particularly symbolized by obsessive concern with sex, women’s bodies, the veil, and female isolation. While on factual grounds such mind set and groups have oppressed women by judging their worth as persons based on physical attractiveness. Such modern trends and feministic approaches have turned the image of woman as tool of entertainment or attraction. Those who are convinced by such modern values regard woman‘s status in Islam as inferior on the basis of several issues including; guardianship in marriage, polygamy, divorce right. Unfortunately this horrible disease has crept into Muslim societies in the name of cultural interrelation which is in total disregard for our purity and distinguishing values. The magnitude of women rights in Islam with comparison to feminism has been covered in this brief paper. The first part of the paper gives image of women in western society and bases for initiatives taken for feminism movement in west. Second part of the paper gives a comparison between Islamic approach of women rights and feminism. Third part of the paper describes the view of women liberation and modernity in western society. In fourth part of the paper discussion about women oppression has been presented. In fifth part Islamic view of women rights has been given through Quranic verses and references which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion

Black Holes: Quartic Quasi-Topological Gravity and Greybody Factor

We have constructed a complete set of quartic curvature theories of gravity. Under the restriction of spherical symmetry, the field equations of each of these theories reduce to the total derivative of a single metric function. In the case of four dimensions, we found that there are six generalized quasi-topological theories which have non-trivial contribution and these are given in equations (2.25)-(2.28) and (2.34). The equations of motion of these theories are in the form of total derivative of a polynomial of single metric function f(r) and its first two derivatives. In the case of dimensions five and higher, theories constructed here break up into the following categories: 1. Quartic Lovelock gravity: the explicit form of the Lagrangian for this class is given by the eight dimensional Euler density X8. An interesting aspect of theories of this class is that the equations of motion are always of second order. Furthermore, if we impose the restriction of spherical symmetry, the equation of motion will be unique and in the form of a total derivative of a single metric function. 2. Six quasi-topological theories, with Lagrangians given by equations (2.19) and (2.20). One of these, given in equation (2.19), is already known [61]; the remaining five given in equation (2.20) are new. For all these theories, in a general background, the equations of motion will be different and are of fourth order. On the other hand, if we impose the condition of spherical symmetry, the equations of motion are of second order and contributions of each of six Lagrangians coincide. This is due to the fact that the Lagrangians are equivalent up to the terms which vanish for spherically symmetric metrics. 3. Four generalized quasi-topological theories are found whose Lagrangians are given by equations (2.25)-(2.28). For this quartet, if we impose the condition of spherical symmetry, field equation will be same and in the form of a total derivative of a polynomial of single metric function f and its first and second derivatives. 4. The Lagrangians for six theories, whose field equations vanish when one sets N as constant, are given by equation (2.24). For situations where the stress-energy tensor has Ttt 6= Trr, there will be two non-trivial field equations that determine N and f. We have presented a generalized charged anti-de Sitter black hole solution for cubic quasitopological gravity and also elaborated its thermodynamic aspect. Furthermore, we have derived the analytic expression of greybody factor for non-minimally coupled scalar fields from Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter black hole in low energy approximation. This expression is valid for general, partial modes. For coupling to scalar curvature, which can be regarded as mass or charge terms, greybody factor tend to zero in low frequency regime, irrespective of the values of the coupling parameter. Non-zero greybody factor in low frequency regime means that there is non-zero Hawking emission rate of Hawking radiations. The matching technique is used in deriving formula for greybody factor. The significance of the results is elaborated by giving formulae of differential rate of energy and generalized absorption cross section from the greybody factor. The results of the present study reduce to those of Ref. [101] in appropriate limiting case, i.e., if we put charge Q = 0, we recover the previously reported results. The effective potential and greybody factor are also analyzed graphically. We observe that the height of gravitational barrier increases with the increase of ξ, the coupling parameter, whereas in the absence of the coupling parameter, it is decreased by increasing the values of the cosmological constant. Also, from the plots of greybody factor, it is observed that an increase in the value of the coupling parameter decreases the greybody factor. This is due to the fact that non-minimal coupling plays the role of effective mass and hence suppresses the greybody factor. In the previous chapter, we have presented a study of the greybody factor for a scalar field which are coupled to the Einstein tensor in the background of a charged black string, considering low energy approximation. We demonstrated that the greybody factor depends on the coupling between Einstein tensor and scalar field. It is observed that the presence of coupling enhances the greybody factor of the scalar field in the black string spacetime. Furthermore, for weaker coupling, greybody factor decreases with increase in charge of black string. In the second case, we discussed this work without considering coupling of scalar field and the Einstein tensor. It is trivial from results that the later case reduces to the result of former in absence of coupling constant. In the case of three-dimensional topological black holes [90, 120] like the charged BTZ (Bañados , Teitelboim, Zanelli) black holes, we find the propagation of scalar fields with non-minimal coupling to gravity obeys the Universality theorem. This means that under the restrictions of zero angular-momentum, low energy regime, massless/chargeless scalar field and minimal coupling, the greybody factor approaches to a constant value. However, Universality theorem does not hold for zero angular-momentum if any of the above restrictions is relaxed. We have thus explored theories in several aspects. Consideration of linearized spectrum of these theories revealed that on a constant curvature background, it is only the massless graviton that is propagated by these theories. We also have found the explicit forms of field equations of these theories in general spacetime dimension d which are valid for spherical symmetric background. Also, explicit form of black hole entropy in general spacetime dimension is presented. The consequence of this particular result is very interesting; for the case of black brane solutions, it modifies the usual Bekenstein-Hawking area law. It was observed previously that this aspect was not seen before for theories like Lovelock and quasi-topological gravities. Therefore, holographic consideration of these generalized quasi-topological theories may have interesting implications. Furthermore, we have found four dimensional asymptotic, flat, black solutions for these theories. This solution revealed that it is characterized only by mass, implying that it does not give rise to higher derivative “hair”. We have presented perturbative and numerical solutions, but interestingly, thermodynamics can be studied analytically. In this regard, we found that first law of black hole thermodynamics holds. We presented black brane solutions of these theories in general d dimensions. Expected thermodynamic relations for a CFT (without chemical potential) are satisfied by these solutions, living in one dimension less. We also found the peculiar thermodynamical behaviour of these black brane solutions which is in contrast to the corresponding black brane solutions in Lovelock and quasi-topological gravities. For this reason, this result may have interesting consequences in holographic studies. This class of theories (which has now been constructed to cubic [8, 65] and quartic order) provides interesting generalizations of Einstein’s gravity that are non-trivial in four (and higher) dimensions. This contrasts with previous constructions of Lovelock and quasi-topological gravities, which vanish on four dimensional (spherically symmetric) metrics. The generalized quasitopological terms can be thought of as the theories which have many of the interesting properties observed for Einsteinian cubic gravity [65] in four dimensions [7, 81], but in higher dimensions and/or to higher orders in the curvature. These theories necessarily [66] propagate only a massless, transverse graviton on a constant curvature spacetime. Furthermore, they admit black hole solutions which are characterized only by their mass. The thermodynamics of the black holes can be studied exactly, despite the lack of an exact, analytic solution to the field equations. Construction of these theories has opened many problems which deserve further study. These problems include further investigations of the properties of four and higher dimensional black hole solutions in these theories. Also, as we know that the Birkhoff theorem holds for Lovelock and quasi-topological gravities [71, 72, 121]; it would be interesting to see whether this is the case for these theories. More interestingly, these theories seem well-suited for holographic study and therefore can serve as a good toy model in such investigations. A study in the context of holography could better shed further light on the stability of the solutions of these theories and the allowed values of coupling constants, and may reveal novel features in the case of black brane solutions of the theory. An ambitious undertaking would be to elucidate the general structure of the Lagrangians in this class of theories. This has been long known in the case of Lovelock gravity [5] but remains an open problem in the (generalized) quasi-topological cases." xml:lang="en_US