الأمر ومعانيه فى القر آن الكريم: دراسة دلالية نحوية

As all of know that start of the revelation of Holy Qur’ān started with imperative form of the verb as it is ended with like that. This shows that the imperative mood is one of the most magnificent topics of an Arabic language، particularly in the Qur’ān context. According to the opinion of the major scholars، both the commencement and conclusion of the Holy Qur’ān were in the imperative mood. Thereupon، the scholars of Arabic language took a keen interest in study of meanings of the imperative mood whether literal or figurative. From the abovementioned point of view the following article attempts to study the meanings of imperative mood، whether they are literal or figurative، and also it endeavors along with its connotations in the light of what is stated in the Holy Qur’ān and Sunn’āh as well as in the sources of Arabic language، to lead those who recite the Holy Qur’ān to the right way، guide them to the truth and to help them in understanding of the secret meanings of Qur’ān.

Modeling and Characterization of Mobile-To-Mobile Communication Channels

Geometrical propagation channel modeling has a pivotal role in designing most of the emerging wireless communication systems. Scattering is usually considered one of the major phenomena in a ecting the propagation of radio signals. The e ects of this phenomenon are more severe in mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communication environment because of the large number of scattering objects that reside around both mobile stations (MSs). In recent years, researchers have made significant e orts to model these e ects either by their physical description or by their probabilistic trend. Geometrically based spatial scattering modeling is one such popular methodology used so far. This dissertation focuses on modeling the 3D spatio-temporal channel characteristics for mobile-to-mobile(M2M) communication environment and presents mathematical expressions for their joint and marginal probability distributions. The proposed model is also analyzed for the characterization of Doppler spectrum. The dissertation begins with the proposal of a 3D semi-ellipsoid geometrical channel model for M2M radio propagation environment assuming uniformly distributed scatterers around the mobile stations (MSs) within the de ned regions. In order to model M2M communication environment realistically, a exible geometry of the semi-ellipsoids is employed whose dimensions are made adjustable and rotatable about their vertical axes according to the directions of the MSs and the shapes of the streets and canyons where MSs reside. Using the proposed geometrical channel model, mathematical expressions for the joint and marginal probability distribution functions (PDFs) of angle-of-arrival (AoA) and time-of-arrival (ToA) in azimuth and elevation planes are derived. Mobility, being an important parameter in radio mobile channel modeling, is also analyzed through the characterization of Doppler spectrum of the proposed channel model. Furthermore, a generalized 3D geometrical channel model is also proposed for M2M communication environment. The generalized 3D spatial channel model consists of independently rotatable concentric semi-ellipsoids such that the inner semi-ellipsoids are scatter-free regions and uniformly distributed scatterers reside outside the inner and inside the outer semi-ellipsoids. By exploiting the proposed generalized 3D channel model, mathematical expressions for the joint and marginal PDFs of AoA and ToA in azimuth and elevation planes are derived. These spatial and temporal characteristics are analyzed for various channel parameters like elevation and orientation of each of the semi-ellipsoids. The model is validated through its comparison with simulation results and measurement campaigns reported in the literature. Moreover, generalization of the model is con rmed by its comparisons with various existing geometrical models. It is shown that some notable geometrical channel models for F2M and M2M communication environments in the literature can be deduced from the proposed generalized model through the substitution of certain suitable values for a few channel parameters.