مولانا سید علی نقی نقوی
اس وقت اس برصغیر میں مولانا سید علی نقی نقوی کا ماتم بپا ہے، انھوں نے اپنے وطن لکھنؤ میں طویل علالت کے بعد ۱۸؍ مئی کو وفات پائی، گونا گوں علمی کمالات اور عملی خوبیوں کے جامع اور فرقۂ شیعہ کے ممتاز علماء و مجتہدین میں تھے، مدرسہ ناظمیہ اور سلطان المدارس میں تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی سے فاضل ادب کا امتحان دیا، پھر پانچ برس تک نجف میں تعلیم حاصل کی اور لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ علوم مشرقیہ میں درس دیا، ۱۹۵۹ء میں علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ دینیات سے وابستہ ہوئے اور ڈین فیکلٹی آف تھیالوجی ہوکر سبکدوش ہوئے، تفسیر، حدیث، فقہ، کلام، فلسفہ، منطق، نحو، لغت، تاریخ اور جغرافیہ کے علاوہ اردو فارسی اور عربی ادب پر بھی ان کی نظر گہری اور وسیع تھی اور عربی کے صاحب دیوان شاعر تھے، عربی، فارسی اور اردو میں تین سو کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ان میں بعض کو شہرت نصیب ہوئی اور بعض کے ترجمے دوسری زبانوں میں ہوئے، وہ بڑے اچھے مقرر اور خطیب بھی تھے۔
مولانا نقن میاں اپنی شرافت، منکسر المزاجی اور حسن خلق کی وجہ سے ہر طبقہ میں مقبول تھے، رواداری اور صلح کل ان کا مسلک تھا اور وہ اتحاد بین المسلمین کے حامی تھے، ان کے شاگردوں کی تعداد ہزاروں سے متجاوز تھی، ان میں ہر فرقہ کے لوگ شامل تھے اور سب کے لئے ان کا فیض عام تھا، وہ دوسرے فرقہ کی مذمت سننا گوارا نہ کرتے تھے، ان کی کتاب ’’شہید انسانیت‘‘ پر خود ان کے فرقہ کے لوگ برہم ہوگئے تھے، مگر وہ سچائی اور حق گوئی سے باز نہیں آئے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان سے عفوودرگزر کا معاملہ فرمائے اور ان کے متعلقین کو صبر جمیل عطا کرے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جون ۱۹۸۸ء)
‘Media is situated within, and fully interwoven with, many other social practices, to the extent where crime and media representations are inseparable’. Criminologist must, however, be alert to the ways in which media create perceptions in order to understand that things are not as always as they are presented. Criminologist has to be a well-versed scholar on the subject of media practices to tread fuzzy area between the news and propaganda and to identify the instances of media coverage of crime as the major culprit for the increase in crime through its redefinition; and for the increase in pessimism through projecting only dark things in much darker light as good news is bad news for media. Awareness of media practices helps criminologist to understand the reasons for separate feeds so can be used for different content of several newspapers to realize truth; and to understand the failure of media to publicize moral dilemma because of its failure to offer rational and duly informed societal response. Criminologist is to be media scholar to know that news is not necessarily about events those transcend crimes and there does exists the standoff between moral panic and realism and separation of cause and effect and the addition of newness to news and exceptionalization of crime; and crime representation can be for the marginalization of some groups.
Pakistan is reporting high number of polio cases during the last few years and the disease is continuously spreading. Poliovirus 2A protease (2Apro) is multifunctional proteinase performing vital roles during viral replication and cellular damage. RNA from polio infected blood samples and also from live attenuated polio vaccine was extracted followed by 2Apro amplification cloning and sequencing. The sequences were compared against the standard consensus 2Apro sequence obtained from Genbank to analyse mutations. In order to understand more concerning PV2Apro the protein was over-expressed in bacteria following amplification using sense and antisense primers and cloning in pET15b. Several expression hosts were tested and BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells gave the best expression of PV2Apro with minimal unwanted protein expression following IPTG induction. The 2Apro protein was purified to homogeneity using column chromatography, its solubility determined and its molecular weight and composition determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The purified protein had a slightly lower molecular weight than predicted. Several attempts were made to concentrate the protein using different buffers for ion exchange and crystallization procedures. However after every buffer change to reduce imidazole concentration, protein was gradually degraded. The 3D structure of 2Apro was determined and optimized by homology modelling followed by an energy minimization protocol. Structural validation programs VADAR and QMEAN were used to verify the 2Apro model. Analysis of protein stability changes of poliovirus 2A protease-mutated sequences using various servers was also performed. Furthermore, mutation pattern, intrinsic disorder regions (IDRs), hydrophobic regions, drug binding sites (DBS) and subcellular localization were identified. Hydrophobicity results confirmed the suitability and reliability of 2A protease as a potential drug target. Less IDRs were observed in the protein. In order to predict the molecular basis of interaction of small molecular agonists, docking simulation was performed on a structurally diverse dataset of known inhibitors of PV2Apro. Docking results were employed for missense mutations to predict extremely damaging to the protein structure as well as the function of the protease. Intrinsic disorder regions (IDRs), drug binding sites (DBS), and protein stability changes upon mutations were also identified among them. Our results demonstrated dominant roles for Gly 1, Lys 15, His 20, Cys 55, Cys 57, Cys 64, Cys 109, Gly 110 and Gly 111 within the binding pocket of PV2Apro. Upon subjecting these sites to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, we observed that out of 155 high risk SNPs, 139 residues decrease the protein stability. We conclude that these missense mutations can affect the functionality of the 2A protease, and that identified protein binding sites can be directed for the attachment and inhibition of the target proteins. Mutations detected in this study were also found to be interacting with the inhibitors proving them to be valuable tool for in formulating new drugs to inhibit polio virus replication. We have identified residues which would be helpful in the development of future selective drugs along with as important inhibitors to inhibit the replication of poliovirus.