ایم مہدی حسن افادی الاقتصادی
ماہ گزشتہ میں ایم مہدی حسن (افادی الاقتصادی) کا انتقال ادبیات اردو کے لئے ایک سخت حادثہ ہوا، مرحوم ایک سحرنگار ادیب اور ایک خاص طرزِ انشاء (اسٹائل) کے موجد تھے، معارف کے افق پر یہ برق ایک سے زائد بار چمکی اور یقین ہے کہ ناظرین کے دلوں میں ’’شبلی سوسائٹی اور معاصرانہ چشمک‘‘ کے لکھنے والے کی یاد ابھی بالکل تازہ ہوگی، مرحوم کو مولانا شبلی کی ذات سے گہرا تعلق تھا، اسی لئے وہ معارف کو بھی بہت عزیز رکھتے تھے اور دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامی کے رکن تھے، ادب و انشاء کا ایسا ذوقِ سلیم رکھنے والے افراد مدتوں میں پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ افسوس ہے کہ ۲۲؍ نومبر کو یہ ماہتاب کمال پیوند خاک ہوگیا۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ۔
گورگھ پور وطن تھا، مشرقی تعلیم کے ساتھ انگریزی تعلیم حاصل کی تھی۔ قرق امینی سے تحصیلداری تک بتدریج ترقی کی تھی۔ نہایت مہذب اور سنجیدہ تھے، مزاج میں نفاست اور لطافت حد درجہ تھی۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۲۱ء)
اردو کے لطیف انشا پرداز ایم مہدی حسن مرحوم (افادی الاقتصادی) کی یاد اب تک ان کے قدردانوں کے دلوں میں باقی ہوگی، مرحوم کی زندگی کی خالص خصوصیت لطافت پسندی تھی، جس سے ان کی زندگی کا کوئی شعبہ خالی نہ تھا، رہنا سہنا، پہنا اوڑھنا، پڑھنا لکھنا، سفر اور قیام، خیال اور تصور، تحریر اور تقریر ہر شے میں ان کی یہ خصوصیت نمایاں تھی، مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے لٹریچر کے وہ شیدا تھے، وہ ڈھونڈھ کر عمدہ سے عمدہ لفافے اور کاغذ مولانا کے پاس بھیجتے تھے کہ وہ ان پر ان کو خط لکھیں، جب دارالمصنفین سے کتابیں منگواتے تھے تو فرمائش ہوتی تھی کہ کتاب کی...
The aim of this conceptual paper is throw light on Islamic principles for effective human resource management. A qualitative approach was applied. The extensive review of existing literature shows that Islamic principles of HRM gives due importance to manager-employee relationship which is beneficial for achieving organizational objectives. Some important and significant principles of Islamic human resource management are trust, sincerity, justice, consultation, equality, division of labour, delegation of authority and remuneration or payment of employees. Islamic management is based on mutual trust between managers and subordinates. Manager and worker should be sincere to organization. Selection and recruitment is based on merit. Justice is the most salient and important characteristics of Islamic management. Islam stresses on mutual consultation in order to resolve existing problem in the organization. Islamic principles of management are expected to benefit the organization, the employer and the employee. The study will contribute information and knowledge to the existing literature on Islamic human resource management. This study will highlight the scope and application of Islamic principles of HRM in developing effective management system.
Aim of present study was to develop and evaluate matrix patches of Amlodipine besylate, Hydrochlorothiazide and combination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothizide containing enhancers for sustained and enhanced transdermal delivery. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and poly vinyl pyrolidone (PVP K 30), were used as polymers. Propylene glycol (PG) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were used as plasticizers. Tween 20, Oleic Acid, IPA were used as enhancers. Methanol and Dichloromethane (DCM) were used as diluents.Patches were prepared by plate casting method. Polyvinyl alcohol was used to prepare backing membrane. Prepared polymeric matrix patches containing no enhancer were characterized for physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, moisture contents and moisture up take capacity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of prepared patches were performed to identify any chemical and physical interaction between drug and excipients. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 by using paddle over disc method. Release mechanism was elucidated by subjecting the in-vitro release data to kinetic analysis by using DD solver® excel based add in program. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed after release to further elaborate release process. In-vitro permeation studies were performed on Franz diffusion cell by using excised rabbit skin. Three different formulations containing Amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and combination of both the drugs were developed with polymer and excipients.Patches after incorporation of enhancers were characterized for physical properties, FTIR, PXRD and SEM analysis. In-vitro release and permeation studies were carried out to compare effect of enhancers and their concentration on release. Selected patch formulations were subjected to in-vivo studies by two periods, two parameters, parallel design for rats and parallel design in rabbits (n=6) for pharmacokinetic comparison with oral solution administration. Skin irritation studies were performed on healthy volunteers for patches by measuring level of erythema with Mexameter®. Fourty Eight formulations (A1 - A40, B1 - B4 & C1 - C4) were prepared by using different enhancers. All the prepared formulations qualified basic parameters of clarity, weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, % flatness etc. In the presence of enhancers initial burst release was seen in Amlodipine patches, Hydrochlorothiazide patches and combined drug patches. Oleic acid and Tween 20, have saturated shorter fatty acid side chains, showed highest enhancement effect with 1.73 and 2.01 folds increase in permeation rate when compared to control, respectively. In formulations (A1 – A16) maximum release was observed in formulation A3 (54%), A7 (62.25%), A11 (59.25%) and A15 (68.95%) having optimum concentration of IPA i.e., 125mg. Similarly, when amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorthiazide were formulated together (A17 – A28), maximum amlodipine release was observed in formulations A19 (75.28%), A22 (92.69%), A25 (77.36%) and A28 (95.87%) while maximum hydrochlorothiazide release was seen in formulations A19 (81.31%), A22 (91.54%), A25 (86.88%) and A28 (90.91%) due to the impact of oleic acid in the formulations. Likewise, formulations having maximum amount of tween 20 exhibited prominent release of hydrochlorothiazide i.e., A31 (69.83%), A34 (78.68%), A37 (80.98%) and A40 (83.60%). All the fabricated formulations A1 – A40 followed Higuchi kinetic model for their release and release mechanism was derived from Korsmeyer Peppas model. Nature of drugs i.e., Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in the finished transdermal patches was amorphous as confirmed by PXRD studies. Cumulative amount of drug permeated in formulations A1 – A16 was observed. Higher drug contents were permeated in formulation having higher enhancer concentration i.e., A3 (355µg/1.5 cm2), A7 (500µg/1.5 cm2), A11 (388µg/1.5 cm2) and A15 (492µg/1.5 cm2). Amount of drug permeated in these formulations was dependent on enhancer concentration in order of 75 mg>100 mg> 125 mg. Similar facts were seen in case of further developed formulations revealing enhancer dependant permeation. Toxicity studies had not shown any sort of skin reaction, alteration in biochemical profile of blood, histopathology and any effect on feed intake etc. It can be concluded that tween 20, IPA and Oleic Acid can be successfully employed as efficient permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of Amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide matrix patches, respectively. Moreover, a single patch of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide is capable to provide sustained continuous delivery of both the drugs for more than two days across skin. Thus application of combination (AML and HCT) transdermal patches can be used as an alternative of oral route for the treatment of hypertension.