خیرؔبہوروی
پچھلے دنوں ہمارے دوست جناب خیربہوروی بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے۔مرحوم اردو کے قدیم اورروایتی خدمت گزار تھے اوراردو ادب کی خدمت ہی ان کاشب وروز کامشغلہ تھا۔شروع میں انجمن ترقی اردو کے مرکزی دفتر میں مولوی عبدالحق صاحب کے ساتھ کام کیا اورمولوی صاحب کے مضبوط دست و بازوثابت ہوئے۔پھر جب انقلاب ۱۹۴۷ء کی لپیٹ میں آکر ’’انجمن‘‘ کادفتر دہلی سے علی گڑھ منتقل ہواتو وہاں قاضی عبدالغفار صاحب کی رفاقت میں آرگنائزر کی حیثیت سے انجمن کی قابل قدر خدمات انجام دیں۔خیرؔ صاحب اردو کے پرجوش، تجربہ کار اور مخلص کارکن تھے۔یہی وجہ ہے کہ انجمن ترقی اردو سے رسمی قطع تعلق کے بعد بھی اردو ادب کی خدمت میں اسی طرح لگے رہے ۔اب ایک عرصے سے ان کی سرگرمیوں کامرکز لکھنؤ کا ’’لاری ہاؤس ‘‘ ہوگیا تھا، مستقل طور پروہیں قیام پذیر تھے۔لکھنؤ کے ادبی اجتماعات کی رونق ان کے دم سے قائم تھی۔ ’’میراکاڈمی ‘‘ کے سکریٹری کی حیثیت سے بڑی جاں فشانی اور لگن سے کام کررہے تھے ۔انھوں نے اس اکاڈمی کے ذریعہ میرؔاورغالبؔ پر بعض ایسے تحقیقی کام بھی کیے جواردو ادب کی تاریخ میں یادگاررہیں گے،یہ کام ابھی مکمل نہیں ہوئے تھے کہ پیغام اجل آپہنچا ۔
مرحوم عرصے سے مسلسل علیل تھے، شائد ایک آنکھ بھی خراب ہوگئی تھی لیکن بُڑھاپے اور بیماری کے باوجود قوم کے اس خادم کے ارادے جوان تھے ۔خیرصاحب کوندوۃ المصنفین کے کاموں سے بھی خاص دل چسپی تھی اس کے حلقہ معاونین کی توسیع کے لیے کوشش کرتے رہتے تھے۔ یوں بھی بڑے باوضع تھے ،جس سے جو تعلق قائم ہوگیا اس کوآخر تک خوب صورتی سے نبھایا۔اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ جناب مقبول احمد صاحب لاری سے بجاطور پرتوقع ہے کہ’’میراکاڈمی ‘‘کی بدستور سرپرستی فرماتے رہیں گے، اورخیر صاحب جوکام نامکمل چھوڑگئے ہیں ان کو مکمل...
Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.
The study was designed to find out the leadership behaviours of head teachers and its impact on school discipline at secondary level in Punjab. The major objectives of the study were to identify the leadership behaviours of head teachers at secondary level, to explore the existing condition of school discipline, to find out the impact of leadership behaviours of head teachers on school discipline and to compare the leadership behaviours of head teachers gender and locality wise. Three separate and self-constructed instruments were developed for the stud. The interview protocol was designed for head teachers to find out the leadership behaviours of head teachers and school discipline. One questionnaire was designed for teachers to explore the leadership behaviours of head teachers and other questionnaire for students to examine the existing condition of school discipline. Simple random sampling and convenient sampling techniques were used to collect data for the study. The province of Punjab was divided into three zones. Two districts were selected randomly from each zone and 144 secondary schools were chosen from six randomly selected districts of the Punjab. The selected districts were Attock, Sargodha, Shaiwal, Gujrat, Bahawalpur and Layyah. Thirty-six head teachers, 432 secondary school teachers and 2304 secondary school students were selected as a sample of the study. The collected data was entered into SPSS files. To interpret the quantative data, frequency, mean score, standard deviation t-test of independent sample and regression analysis techniques were applied. To analyze qualitative data, the researcher transcribed the interviews, find sub themes and themes of the data to generalize the results. The findings revealed that democratic leadership behaviour received highest rating, while autocratic leadership at second rating. Autocratic and democratic leadership behaviours of head teachers had a positive impact on school discipline. Laissez-faire leadership behaviour of head teachers had not a significant impact on school discipline. Gender wise comparison indicates that there was no significant difference in the opinions of male and female teachers about leadership behaviours. Locality wise comparision also shows that there was no significant difference in the opinions of rural and urban teachers about leadership behaviours of head teachers. Discipline condition of schools was satisfactory at secondary level. It is recommended that head teachers should adopt democratic leadership behaviour to maintain schools discipline in a constructive and positive way.