أساليب الحافظ الزيلعي في نقد متون السنة من خلال نصب الراية

The methods of Al-Hafiz Al-Zaili in criticizing of text of the Sunnah as described in his book Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah. The science of criticism is well known science since the era of the Companions, and critics of the hadith of the honorable companions have played a very important role in the field of narration and carefully criticizing it. And by passage of the era of the Companions and beginning the era of the followers (tabieen), the criticism became more obvious depending on the growing need, especially after spreading of lie, and creation of fake hadith, which led the critics to further research and verification, for scrutiny between the narrations and then differentiation between the right and the weak. The imams and scholars of hadith from the era of the Companions till present continuously inheriting the approach of criticizing the narratives in succession of their predecessors, whether criticizing the narrators or the texts. I have seen that it is worthwhile to stand on the efforts and methods of one of the imams in his criticism of the hadiths and I have chosen the effort of Imam Hafiz al-Zaili through his book " Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah" to learn how he was using the standards traded among the scholars of Hadith for textual criticism of Sunnah. As the those denied the hadiths from orientalists and their followers and those who follow their example simply claim that the scholars of hadith did not criticize the Sunnah in true criticism and even if they have criticized the hadiths, their criticism was only concerning the narratives not the text, now it is clear through this article that the scholars of hadith did not leave the side of the text, but they criticized text as they criticized the attribution of the hadiths. They set solid rules, which remain scholarly proven and accurate forever. We will revolve in this article around the following topics: learning about Al Hafez Zaili and the science of criticism, methods of textual criticism according to Hafiz Zaili, by focusing on: Criticism of the hadiths for violating the explicit meaning of the Qur'an, or for contradicting the Sunnah, or for contradicting the explicit consensus, or for risking and exaggerating the promise or the warning of simple action, or lack thereof in books of hadith These are the most important rules sited by al-Hafiz al-Zaili, which he practiced and criticized the hadiths and distinguished them between the correct and the weak.

Suitability & Design Guidelines of Grow Technology for Grey Water Treatment in Hot Climate

The Green Roof Water recycling system (GROW) was established at Teachers hostel, Mehran UET. Jamshoro. Grey water generated at hostel was treated through above said system. The operating parameters i.e flow rate and HRT were optimized. The various local plant species were planted in the GROW system and their contaminant uptake/ removal efficiency was measured by analyzing influent and effluent COD, BOD and TSS respectively. This study finds the GROW System as most suitable technology to treat greywater in hot climates. The grey water flow rate for GROW system was optimized as 0.720 m3.d-1with HRT of one day giving both better pollutant removal and green water yield. The optimized air flow rate was also found as 5.0 Liters/min., giving maximum pollutants elimination efficacies for BOD5, COD and TSS as 77%,73% and 58% respectively. Influent greywater was characterized in terms BOD5, 107±38 mg/L, COD 235.8±66 mg/Land TSS 96±45 mg/L These values were found close to the literature cited. GROW System performance under mixed mode plantation gave promising results in removal of BOD, COD and TSS as 78.2±11%, 64.9±10.7% and 78.89±16.8% respectively. The influent grey water was medium category COD: BOD ratio ranged 0.4-0.6, which is indicative of medium to high biodegradability The indigenous Ninthra (Mentha requienii) and Mothapalm or River lily (Crinum pedunculatum)) plant species gave highest results in removal of pollutants. The rice (Oriza/satival) specie also performed well, whereas, the Water-Hyacinth specie was very successful in removing COD upto 47%. The combined effect of all species grown separately in row 2 – 5 including first row of filter bed gave excellent performance of GROW system as BOD5, COD and TSS removal up to 82%, 93.5% and 85% respectively. The treated effluent concentration in terms of BOD5, COD and TSS are 19.9 mg/L, 71.9 mg/L and 18.40 mg/L respectively, which is far less than the Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS ,2016), for disposal of treated waste water in to inland waters. This water can be used for toilet flushing and home gardening, if handled with care. A new GROW Model was developed and validated with the experimental data, this model predicts effluent concentration of BOD, COD and TSS more accurately as compared with the Kinetic Model. Finally, the design guidelines are also proposed for the application of GROW Technology in the urban settings.