البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Fabrication of Energy-Efficient Ultracapacitive Electrodes Based on Conducting Polyaniline-Graphene Oxide Composites

Polyaniline Graphene Oxide (PANI-GO) composites have been synthesized through simple and scalable oxidative in-situ emulsion polymerization route. Reaction parameters were optimized by varying the concentrations of monomer, acid, oxidant and graphene oxide to obtain composites with optimum performance. Different structural and morphological features of the composited were characterized through Ultra Violet–Visible (UV-Visible) and Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis. TGA showed very good thermal stability. To further access the thermal properties and calculate energy of activation for degradation of samples Horowitz and Metzger methods were used. Highest thermal stability and energy of activation for degradation was depicted by PANI-GO-6. High thermal stability enables PANI-GO composite to be utilized at high temperature applications. Conductivity measurements of the synthesized materials demonstrated that small amount of GO increases the conductivity of composites when compared with pristine PANI. This might be due to synergistic effect of PANI and GO in resulting composites. These results are also consistent with electrochemical analysis. Electrochemical and supercapacitor properties were analyzed through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in three electrode setup using aqueous H2SO4. The CV and GCD curves suggested the material to be supercapacitive with low internal resistance. The nearly vertical arm of the AC impedance in the low frequency region depicted excellent capacitive behavior, representative of fast ion diffusion and adsorption in/on the electrode material. Nyquist plot showed very low solution resistance, Rs, charge transfer, Rct, and equivalent series resistance, ESR, for PANIGO-6. The low Rct is beneficial for fast charge transfer and allows for more charge storage. Form Bode plots the phase angle value is 86.340 which is closer to that of an ideal capacitor. The lower time constant value (0.630 s) provides evidence for faster ion diffusion and transport inside the whole inner structures. Symmetric, asymmetric and solid state devices were fabricated by using selected PANI-GO samples as electrode material. In symmetric device CV, was carried out at a scan rate of 10 mV/s at potential window form 0 to 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 V. Then at a scan rate of 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mV/s at potential range from 0-0.9 V. CVs were almost rectangular in shape and retained its shape even at high scan rates thus showed electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC) and high rate capability. GCD analysis showed capacitance value of 264 F/g at 1 A/g and retained its value 84.09 % at high current density (10 A/g) with excellent rate performance. EIS analysis showed lower Rct, Rs, ESR and t0 which are consistent with other results. The material was active upto 2000 charge discharge cycles. To further access its performance asymmetric device was fabricated. It showed excellent capacitive properties with extended potential window up to 1.2 V. GCD analysis showed excellent stability and columbic efficacy. To achieve cost affective energy storage appliances, symmetric devices using copper and steel current collectors were also fabricated. Their response as was quite good and is a step towards reducing the cost of energy storage devices. Further to overcome the leakage problem associated with liquid electrolytes solid state devices were also fabricated using poly(vinyl alcohol-H2SO4) (PVA-H2SO4) gel electrolyte. Thus, the synthesized composites can be used for high temperature applications due to its excellent stability and can be utilized in aqueous symmetric, asymmetric, symmetric solid state devices using different current collectors.