اسلامی بینکوں میں رائج مرابحہ للآمر بالشراء میں عقدِ وکالت کی تطبیق: ایک جائزہ

The graph of development of Islamic Banking system is increasing day by day. It deals only those transaction which are not conflict with Shari'ah. Therefor the procedure of transaction of Islamic Banking is completely different from the conventional Banking system. Murābaha (Cost plus sale) or Murābaha li al-Āamir be al-Shēraá. (Cost plus sale for the purchase orderer) is a well-known financing mood. In this mood of financing, the Islamic bank bound to buy the required goods to the orderer and to sells him at higher price than the purchase price. Islamic Banks occasionally appoints an agent to buy the goods. Sometime the Islamic Banks appoints the purchase ordere himself as an agent. In this case, the contract of Murabaha and the contract of agency should not be related to each other. When the purchase orderer buys the goods as an agent, he will inform the Bank of his purchase, and the possession of the agent will be considered as the possession of the Bank. In this way, both contracts Murābaha and Wakālah are not related to each other. After this, the Bank will offer to sell him (purchase orderer) the goods and then he will accept the offer.

Role of Hec in Promoting and Facilitating Educational Research in Pakistani Universities

This study explores the role of the Higher Education Commission CHEC) of Pakistan in facilitating and promoting educational research in Pakistani universities through policy analysis as research methodology. The role has been explored by the analysis of policy provisions, structures and processes developed by HEC to facilitate and promote educational research. Experiences of two Pakistani universities, one from public and one from private sector- has been analysed to explore that role. Analysis of the data suggests that research is a priority of HEC in its reform agenda for higher education in Pakistan. HEC has developed policy provisions, processes and structures that support and facilitate research in Pakistani universities but an overemphasis on scientific research has overshadowed educational research. Availability of funding, a wide range of incentives available for research, faculty development process for research, emphasis on publications and dissemination of research work, access to the global body of knowledge through IT integration and education, and research networks are indication of the effective role played by HEC for the promotion and facilitation of educational research. Research suggests that there exist some hindering factors as well which includes, dependency on donor funding and sustainability issues, communication gap between departments of education at universities and HEC, unavailability of clear policy text for educational research, lesser support provided to the private sector. Based on the findings, the study recommends development of indigenous funding strategy, enhanced collaboration and participation of universities through communicative structures, an increase in educational research funding, enhanced facilitation to private sector and wide range of evaluative studies to be carried out to review policy provisions and structural changes to facilitate educational research in Pakistani universities. In the end a post script comments on the post 18th amendment situation created by the dissolution of HEC.