Istisnā’- a Realistic Approach to the Concept in Islamic Finance and its Application to the Agricultural Sector in Pakistan

Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities.  For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.

H- Magic Behaviors of Some Graphs

A graph ( , ) G V E has an H -covering if every edge in Ebelongs to a subgraph of G isomorphic to H . SupposeG admits an H -covering. AnH -magic labeling is a mapping l from ( ) ( ) E G V G È onto the integers {1,2,...,| ( ) ( )|} E G V G È with the property that, for every subgraph Aof G isomorphic toH , there is a positive integer csuch that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . v V A e E A A v e c ll ÎÎ = å + å =å A graph which possess such type of labeling is known as H -magic graph. Further if in a graph vertices are labeled first with smallest positive numbers, then the graph is called H -supermagic. Moreover a graph is said to be H -( , ) ad-anti magic if the magic constant for an arithmetic progression with initial value aand a common difference . d Numerous results on labeling of many families of graphs have been published. In this thesis, research work focuses on to formulate cycle 3 C -( , ) ad anti-supermagic labeling for the MultiWheels graph, supermagic labeling for isomorphic copies with its disjoint union of Multi-Wheels graph and cycle ( , ) ad-anti-supermagic labeling for Web graph. Also cycle anti-supermagic labeling for isomorphic copies with its disjoint union of ladder and triangular ladder graphs have been formulated. In addition, investigation of fan, friendship, ladder and wheel line graphs and study of the supermagic and anti-supermagic vertex-edge-face labeling of such graphs and their isomorphic copies have been carried in this thesis. An anti-supermagic labeling of the extension of cycle graphs is also formulated.Lastly the face supermagic labeling of (1,1,1) type of subdivided triangular ladder graph, subdivided 4 mC -snake graph and subdivided 4 kmC -triangular snake graph with its (1,1,...,1) and (2,2,...,2) string are also the part of this thesis.