پاکستان میں رائج جبری شادیوں کا تعارف اور شرعی جائزہ

The Islamic Jurisprudence has given a great importance to the existence of family system of life. That is why the Qur‘ān has described the laws of family life with details in comparison with worship of Allah. In family system of life, marriage has a great importance but marriage is not only essential part of worship. Its purposes one the existence   of human generation along with the survival society where there must be modesty and justice but it is only possible if the family system of life is established on everlasting principles. That is why our Islamic Jurisprudence has declared the willingness of both bridegroom and bride and their family more importance in the marriages. Such marriages are always durable and permanent. On the contrary, if there is no willingness of both the bridegroom and bride in marriages. Then such marriages are not durable and permanent. In marriage a girl is a party and the Islamic jurisprudence has given a great deal of importance to her willingness but in pusthoon society, sometimes such marriages are conducted in which the bride concerned has no approval rather she is forced to accept that bond of marriage such marriages are commonly called “Forced Marriages”. The article below is defining the different kinds of forced marriages in vogue and is trying to find out their religious and dogmatic status as well.

The Effect of Kerr Nonlinearity, Doppler Broadening and Spontaneous Generated Coherence on Slow Light Propagation

The influence of Kerr non-linearity, Doppler Broadening and spontaneous generated coherence (SGC) is presented when a probe light pulse is incident on dispersive atomic medium. We consider different atom-field configura- tions, i.e., N -type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), Four- level Λ-type and tripod atomic systems. Initially, we consider a four-level N -type atomic medium and exploited the light pulse propagation through the medium. It is found that the Kerr non-linearity and relaxation rate of forbidden transition affect the dispersive properties of the atomic medium. A more slow group velocity of light pulse propagation is achieved via in- creasing the Kerr field. We also explored the influence of relaxation rate of forbidden decay rate on dispersive properties of the atomic medium. By increasing the atomic number density, the relaxation rate of forbidden de- cay rate increases which leads to control the slow and fast light propagation through the medium. Next, we consider a four-level Λ-type atomic medium and investigated the influence of Kerr non-linearity and Doppler broadening on the dispersive properties of the medium. It is found that the combined effect of Kerr non-linearity and Doppler broadening influence the dispersive properties of the atomic medium more sharply as compared to separate effect of Kerr non-linearity or Doppler broadening. The combined effect of Kerr non-linearity and Doppler broadening on light pulse propagation then leads to a more slow group velocity through the medium. Further, we included the SGC and Kerr non-linearity in four-level atomic system and study the light pulse propagation through the medium. A very steep dispersion is achieved via the combined effect of SGC and Kerr non-linearity. A steep dispersion then leads to more slow group velocity through the medium. Next, we ex- tended our studies to the propagation of light pulse propagation to four level tripod atomic medium via two Kerr nonlinear fields. We expect That a very slow group velocity can be achieved, which in turns leads to stop or halt the light pulse through the medium.