اسلام احمد
دسمبر کا مہینہ ختم ہونے کے قریب تھا کہ جناب اسلام احمد ریٹائرڈ۔ آئی۔جی کے انتقال کی خبر ریڈیو اور ٹیلی ویژن سے نشر ہوئی۔ وہ علامہ شبلیؒ مرحوم کے ہم خاندان اور خاص عزیز تھے، ان کے والد بزرگوار شیخ محمد اقبال الٰہ آباد ہائی کورٹ میں چیف جسٹس تھے، جن کے مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی اور مولانا مسعود علی ندوی سے مخلصانہ روابط تھے۔ اسلام احمد صاحب بھی اعلیٰ سرکاری عہدوں پر فائز رہے اور آخر میں آئی جی ہوکر ریٹائر ہوئے۔
وہ لکھنؤ میں متوطن ہوگئے تھے لیکن اپنے وطن اعظم گڑھ سے انہیں ہمیشہ بڑا تعلق رہا، ان کی تدفین بھی بندول میں ان کے آبائی قبرستان میں ہوئی، یہاں کے لوگوں سے بلا تفریق مذہب و ملت بڑی محبت، خلوص اور گرم جوشی سے ملتے اور ان کی خاطر مدارات میں کمی نہ کرتے۔ ان کی اہلیہ بڑی نیک بخت خاتون تھیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی بشری لغزشوں کو معاف کرے اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ جنوری ۱۹۹۴ء)
The research methodology represents a scientific feature that highlights its manifestations and its fruits according to the nature and results of the methodology; this shows the intellectual contribution and impact on the advancement of human civilization in the scientific field. The methodology of Muhaddithin provided an innovative and practical approach about the certainty of narations which they had devised and applied. The question is: what is the way to document the narrations? To answer this question needs to refer to the books of sciences of Hadith, and when looking at these books shows that they are addressing this issue under different topics. But the knowledge of narrations in terms of the factors pertaining to certainty is not covered in special sub title, but there are hints scattered in different places in the books of sciences of Hadith. There is still a need to address the issue comprehensively in all aspects relating the factors of certainty, Hence the goal of the research from the next two points 1- Exploration the foundations and factors pertaining to the certainty about the narrations. 2- Highlight the methodological innovation according to Muhaddithin in this regard. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of Methodological Bases and warranting Circumstances for Sunnah Authentication.
South Asia’s strategic stability is embroiled with deep rooted trust deficit, technological arms race, sub-conventional war trends and evolving doctrines. In the absence of sustainable dialogue process, the strategic anxieties of both India and Pakistan have consolidated into aggressive force postures leaving little room for shared learning. Instead of forging grounds to seek resolution to the bilateral disputes (complex learning), both states have adapted new means to pursue their existing state policies (simple learning). The drivers of nuclear learning in South Asia are primarily assessed at three levels of analyses i.e. individual, organizational level which directly affects the third tier i.e. the state level. Over the years, the state institutions in two countries have evolved following parochial interests eventually giving birth to rigid organizational cultures. Moreover, the idiosyncratic role of key decision makers remained vital in determining the military crises in both pre and post-1998 eras. Each military crisis is different in its backdrop, occurrence and termination from its preceding event. The reason being, each military crisis taught different lessons to either state, subject to different interpretations drawn by the decision makers on both sides. Hence, unlearning at the individual level is responsible for shaping a peculiar strategic culture of South Asia promoting crisis instability. It is important to explore the factors determining crisis behavior in the region while the two states have operationalized their deterrent capabilities and pursuing assured second strike pathways. Ideally, the acquisition of nuclear weapons should have inculcated enough confidence in both states to transform their ‘enduring rivalry’into a new relationship having greater credence on nuclear deterrence. In reality, both states have used nuclear shield to pursue their existing state practices thus, complicating deterrence stability in the region (stability- instability paradox).The study analyses the lag in nuclear learning as a determinant of crisis instability. One of the key levels of analysis is the individual level reiterating the role of strong personalities operating at different tiers of decision making remained involved in crises eruption. Interestingly, the ‘culture of secrecy’that shrouded in the development of nuclear programs of both the countries is eventually found a key factor for confining the nuclear decision making circle. This explains the inconsistent policies and risk prone behavior as a direct outcome of nuclear unlearning by the state due to incompetent judgment of the individuals facing security paranoia and organizational pathologies in the concerned bureaucracies. The recurrence of military crises is explained through the prism of nuclear learning, constructivism and cognitive dissonance in shaping a strategic culture conducive for crisis instability.