وقت گزاری
دن کی روشنی توفقط اک بہانہ ہے
میں تواندھیرے میں بھی مسکراتا ہوں
دن بھر فرقت کے جھولے میں بیٹھے
یادوں کا جھولا جھولتا ہوں
تنہائی کے ساتھ جھومتا ہوں
پھر رات دیر تک
یادوں کو لوری سناتا ہوں
اپنا دل جلا کرمحبت کی بجھتی ہوئی شمع کی لَو کوسہارا دیتا ہوں
The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied in the method of study. Used the content analysis along with a recap of the research question, undertake bracketing to identify biases, operationalize variables with develop a coding, and code the data with undertaking analysis while qualitative analysis, and multiple regression facilitated on quantitative analysis to finalize the discussion. The study reflects that self-saving, social support, state and financial institutions recovery support, social behavior and change communication, full vaccination practices, and self-accountable tourist behavior are highly expectable conditions to the sustainability of travel and torus entrepreneurship in the learning area. The study concludes that self-saving capacity can contribute to bounce-back capacity for every entrepreneur. Social support and socioeconomic recovery packages were also contributing to sustaining travel and tours in the study area. Self-saving condition and capacity is higher bounce back capacity compared to non-saved entrepreneurs in the study area. Social support, socioeconomic recovery practices, and recovery packages from state and financial institutions were not at the higher level as expected.
The present study reports the immunomodulatory effects hot water, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of mushroom species including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinus edodes. Lymphoproliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin-p and antibody (total Ig, IgM and IgG) were used to detect cellular and humoral immune responses, respectively. Results of the study revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) lymphoproliferative responses in hot water, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinus edodes relative to control. Antibody titers (total Ig, IgM and IgG) were higher in hot water, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinus edodes relative to control. Weight gains of the chickens administered with hot water, methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor- caju and Lentinus edodes were significantly higher (P<0.05) relative to control. FCR of the experimental groups also showed lower values in comparison to control. After mixed species infection of Eimeria, maximum protection (60 per cent) was observed in polysaccharide extracts of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus followed by methanolic extracts of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju (55 per cent), hot water extract of Lentinus edodes (50 per cent), methanolic and polysaccharide extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju (45 per cent), hot water extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju (40 per cent), respectively. However, control groups in both experiments showed minimum per cent protection (15 and 20 per cent). Significantly lower (P<0.05) oocyst per gram of droppings (OPG) were noticed in experimental groups relative to control in both experiments. Experimental groups showed lower lesion scoring relative to control. Weight gains post infections were significantly higher (P<0.05) in experimental groups relative to control. Organ body weight ratios of the lymphoid organs were also observed but ratios obtained were statistically non- significant (P>0.05).