اسلامی عقاید اور دیگر مذاہب
اعتراض نمبر۷۴
ڈریپر صاحب (معرکہ علم و مذہب) میں لکھتے ہیں ، بحیرہ راہب نے بصریٰ کی خانقاہ میں محمد ﷺ کو نسطوری عقاید کی تعلیم دی۔آپ کے نا تربیت یافتہ لیکن اخاذ دماغ نے نہ صرف اپنے اتالیق کے مذہبی بلکہ فلسفیانہ خیالات کا گہرا اثر قبول کیا۔بعد میں آپ کے طرز عمل سے اس امر کی شہادت ملتی ہے کہ نسطوریوں (عیسائیوں کے ایک مذہبی فرقہ کا نام ہے) کے مذہبی عقاید نے آپ پر کہاں تک قابو پا لیا تھا۔( سیرت النبی۔ج ۱ ص۱۱۸)
جواب:بحیرہ راہب والی روایت پیچھے درج ہوئی ہے جس سے کوئی ادنیٰ سا اشارہ بھی نہیں ملتا جس سے ظاہر ہو کہ آپؐ نے راہب سے تعلیم حاصل کی۔ حجر و شجر کا سجدہ کرنا، بادل کا سایہ کُناں ہونا ، مہر ِ نبوت کا ذکر کرنا اور بوسہ دینا، درخت کی شاخوں کا جھک کر آپ پر سایہ کرناوغیرہ یہ وہ باتیں ہیں جو راہب نے کہیں اور سب سے بڑھ کر ببانگ دہل یہ کہا کہ ’’ تمام جہانوں کے پروردگار کی طرف سے رسول ہیں، اللہ تعالیٰ ان کو تمام عالم کے لیے رحمت بنا کر مبعوث کرے گا اور یہ تمام عالم کے سردار ہیں‘‘ لیکن یہ نہیں کہتا کہ اس کی تعلیم کی ذمہ داری میری ہے ۔میں اسے تعلیم دوں گا ، مجھے ان کی تعلیم کے لیے حکم دیا گیا ہے۔ اس قسم کی کوئی بات راہب نہیں کہتا ‘مگر ادھر مستشرقین ہیں کہ ان کی جان پر بنی ہوئی ہے وہ یہی رٹ لگائے جاتے ہیں کہ اس راہب سے آپﷺ نے مذہب کے اسرار و رموز سیکھے۔اسے کہتے ہیں مدعی سست گواہ چست۔
دوم:آپ ؐ کی اس وقت عمر مبارک قریباََ ۱۲ سال تھی۔ اس عمر کے لڑکے کو راہب نے مذہب کے تمام حقائق اور...
Dysfunctional Audit Behavior (DAB) poses a significant threat to the integrity of audit practices and ethical standards. This research delves into the intricate web of ethical violations within DAB, examining the deviations from established ethical principles in the field of auditing. The study employs a comprehensive qualitative research methodology, incorporating interviews, case analyses, and ethical frameworks to unravel the underlying factors contributing to these violations. The research uncovers the multifaceted nature of ethical breaches within DAB, focusing on issues related to impartiality, integrity, objectivity, professionalism, and confidentiality. Through in-depth analyses of real-world cases and interviews with auditors, clients, and regulatory bodies, this study aims to identify patterns and motivations driving auditors towards unethical practices. Moreover, the research explores the impact of these violations on the credibility of audit reports and the overall trust in the auditing profession. The findings of this research not only shed light on the root causes of ethical misconduct but also offer valuable insights for regulatory bodies, audit firms, and educators. By understanding the complexities of DAB, stakeholders can develop targeted strategies to prevent and mitigate these violations effectively. Strengthening ethical education, enhancing regulatory oversight, and fostering a culture of integrity within audit organizations emerge as key recommendations from this study.
A Comparative Study of the Syntactic & Morphological Errors of Iranian EFL Learners with Reference to Persian as Their First Language Since the term Error analysis was given unprecedented significance in the late sixties, as a reaction to CA, a number of studies in the field of second language learning have addressed this unusual phenomenon because of the wide ranging implications that this area of research has for explaining the nature of human language faculty and the process of language acquisition in general. Although over the years, each particular aspect of EA has been examined by different scholars, a lot more is needed to extract different kinds of errors and to analyze them scientifically. This research study was an attempt to examine the notion of error as a deciding area in the field of second language acquisition and the major causes for making errors across learners and analyzing their major syntactic problems categorizing the errors and estimating the frequency of each group of errors according to previous scientific measures. This study was particularly aimed at identifying the sources of syntactical errors of Iranian English learners and illustrating the role of mother tongue interference as the basic source of errors in this study. The performance data was gathered from a subject pool consisting of 250 learners from a more or less the same background learning English as their foreign language who attended TOLIMO, which is a test for Ph.D. applicants in Iran. In this study, different pattern of syntactic morphological errors, their frequency of occurrence and the overall shapes of error production curves were analyzed across a particular group of participants who attended TOLIMO Test to reflect the sources of their errors. Since the field of EA has a greater capacity for revealing the learners' system of errors, it is crucial to uncover this system in order to discover and explain the problems of ESL/EFL learners. A detailed study of the factors leading to errors would be a fruitful avenue to pursue for insights into the nature of learners' linguistic system providing us with clues to a deeper understanding of the acquisition process. So far, the aim has been to show how interference of mother tongue and intralingul effects are responsible for commitment of some syntactic errors in the writings of Iranian EFL learners. A lot more longitudinal studies will be needed to examine not only syntactic but orthographic, phonological, morphological and lexical errors of EFL/ESL learners.