شاہ نادر خان
حادثۂ افغانستان
اکتوبر ۱۹۳۳ء میں افغانستان کو جاتے ہوئے، نومبر کے لئے جب میں شذرات قلمبند کررہا تھا تو یہ خیال نہ تھا کہ میری واپسی اس قدر جلد ہوگی اور اسی طرح ۳۰؍ اکتوبر کی صبح کو کابل سے روانہ ہوتے ہوئے یہ خیال بھی نہ تھا کہ ۸؍ نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء کو سہ پہر کو افغانستان میں یہ عظیم الشان واقعہ پیش آئے گا، ۳؍ نومبر کی رات کو غزنین و قندھار و چمن ہوکر میں اور ڈاکٹر سر اقبال کوئٹہ پہنچے اور میں ملتان میں دو روز ٹھہر کر ۸ کی دوپہر کو لکھنؤ پہنچا اور ۹ کی صبح کو شاہ نادر خاں کی شہادت کی وہ خبر سنی جس کا وہم و گمان بھی نہ تھا۔
افغانستان کی سرزمین ناگہانی سیاسی واقعات کے ظہور کے لیے ہمیشہ سے مشہور ہے، مگر آج جب دشمن ہر قدم پر کمین میں ہیں، اس قسم کے واقعہ کا پیش آنا حد درجہ افسوسناک ہے، افسوس اشخاص کی حیات و موت کا اتنا نہیں، جتنا افغان قوم کی حیات و موت کا ہے۔
ہم کو معلوم ہے کہ اس وقت ملک کی ترقی کے لئے وہاں کیا کیا تدابیر زیر غور تھیں، مگر افسوس کہ واقعات نے اب نیا پہلو بدلا ہے تاہم ہم کو امید ہے کہ موجودہ کار فرمایان حکومت کی دانشمندی سے مصیبت کی وہ بلائیں افغانستان کے سرسے دور ہوجائیں گی، جو اس وقت منڈلا رہی ہیں۔
دعا ہے کہ شاہ شہید کو مغفرت اور ملک کو امن و امان نصیب ہو۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء)
Syed Hassan of Ghaznain was an ancient Persian poet from 1078. We knew very little about his life and poetry until Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1912-2005), a renowned scholar did his extensive Ph.D. Thesis on him from Nagpur University in 1946. During his research, he visited several libraries of the subcontinent as well as brought together Hassan's poetry collection from London and Paris. Hassan Ghaznavi was a court poet of Bahram Shah Ghaznavi and also spent some time which Sultan Sanjar of Khorasan. The references of his life and beautiful poetry are mentioned in this article.
Foreign investment law is an emergent new law field, in which legal framework over global investments are discussed. The country of origin from where the investment is coming or originated is called as the ‘home’ country, whereas the recipient country of that investment is called as the ‘host’ country. Foreign investment law comprises the very principles of customary international law and international investment treaties involving the economic relations of two countries. One important subject in this field of law is the multinational agreements between the countries, like the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). This study primarily relates to examine the investment laws and its procedure of three South Asian countries, i.e., Pakistan, China, and Malaysia - as to how foreign investment has contributed towards the development of these respective countries. In the first Chapter, brief introduction encompassing different definitions, concepts, and principles underlying this field of law are examined. Under the study, the international investment regime is explored, i.e. characteristics, types of international investment laws, and international institutions dealing with the investment laws. Core issues like the interpretation of bilateral investment treaties and internationally recognized protection clauses are also reviewed. The study critically examines the vires of Pakistan investment laws and procedure keeping in view of the above cited principles of international investment laws and as to how by promulgating more investment friendly laws, the investment landscape can be changed. Later on, bilateral investment treaty regimes of Pakistan and its economic relations arising therefrom are focused in great detail. The study reveals that Pakistan has a weaker international investment regime due to which its economy is under pressure from undeliberated BITs that were signed by the different government officials without looking into the contents of these agreements. The study further reveals that Pakistan should develop its own Bilateral Investment Treaties Model instead of following the infested Bilateral Investment Treaties, that need an immediate revocation. Analyzing the international investment vi regime of China and Malaysia, the study suggests that there is a linkage between the overall investment environment, i.e. prosperity, law & order situation, natural resources, as well as investment in these countries, which helped them to achieve the investment gradually and steadily. Both China and Malaysia are taking full advantage of BITs executed with other countries. The study also highlights that for attracting the foreign investment, Pakistan should also review its national laws on investment and more focus on friendly bilateral investment treaties regime that ought to protect both Pakistani interest and interests of investors. The respective study is mainly analytical, thematic, and evaluative in nature, and includes an interpretation of available empirical, historical, and interpretive literature on the subject of investment law. This study involves qualitative and quantitative and exploratory methods of research.