جرم ضعیفی کی سزا مرگ مفاجات
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’جرم ضعیفی کی سزا مرگ مفاجات ‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
انسان کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے اشرف المخلوقات پیدا فرمایا ہے، اس کے سر پرعظمت کا تاج سجایا ہے، اس کو مسجودِد ملائکہ بنایا ہے، خلافت کی عظیم ذمہ داری اسے سونپی ہے، اس کے دم قدم سے باغِ عالم میں بہار ہے، اسی کے سامنے جملہ مخلوقات سرتسلیم خم ہے، خونخوار درندے اور وحشی جانور اس کی تابع فرمانی میں مصروف ہیں۔
جنابِِ صدر!
اگر انسان اپنی تخلیق کے مقصد سے آگاہ رہے، اپنے وجود کو اسی مقصد کے لیے مستعد اور تیار رکھے، اپنے اعضائے جسمانی میں مقصد کی تکمیل کے لیے تحریک پیدا کرتے رہے، قویٰ کومضمحل نہ ہونے دے، فکری اور شعوری قویٰ کو استعمال میں لاتا رہے، زندگی میں کسی لمحہ بھی افراط وتفریط کا شکار نہ ہو۔۔ تو
صدرِذی وقار!
اس کے تصورات و خیالات کو پاکیزگی مل سکتی ہے، اس کی تقریر اور وعظ میں تاثیر پیدا ہو سکتی ہے، اس کے سپر د کی گئی خلافت کی ذمہ داری میں نکھار پیدا ہو سکتا ہے، اس کے مقصد ِحیات کی تکمیل ہو سکتی ہے، اس کے خوابوں کو شرمندہ تعبیر کیا جا سکتا ہے، اس کے خیالات میں طہارت کے جلوے دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
زندگی مقصد حیات کے حصول کے لیے کدوکاوش کا نام ہے ، زندگی دوسروں کو زندگی کی خوشیاں بہم پہنچانے کا نام ہے ، زندگی محض حرکت کا نام نہیں ہے ، زندگی بڑوں کی عزت اور چھوٹوں پر شفقت کا نام ہے، زندگی سونے ، آرام کرنے اور خو ردونوش کا...
The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.
Discrete Multitone (DMT) modulation is a popular multicarrier technique adopted for wireline communication, which offers computationally inexpensive channel equalization, based on cyclic prefix, in addition to bit and power loading. A cyclic prefix is pre-appended in multicarrier modulated (MCM) techniques, that helps mitigate the inter-symbol interference due to mul- tipath effect. For channel equalization, a single tap per subcarrier is sufficient to compensate for the channel distortion in the frequency domain, provided the cyclic prefix length is of the order of the channel. This formulates a Zero-Forcing frequency domain equalizer, which com- pensates the channel attenuation with an inverse channel response. However, this method has the shortcoming of enhancing channel noise, where the channel is of low magnitude, in the high frequency range. It has been observed through the studies on channel measurements that most channels display the characteristics similar to that of a lowpass filter. Therefore, the cyclic prefix (CP) based equalization in MCM techniques enhances channel noise, which in turn increases the bit error rate and also reduces the post equalization signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this thesis, as a solution to this problem, hybrid DMT modulation techniques, that is the Uniform and Non-Uniform DMT modulation are proposed and implemented for the DSL and the power line channels. The performance analysis of the proposed modulation techniques in the DSL channel and for the various categories of the power line channel is presented. Since the Non-Uniform and Uniform modulation techniques are hybrid techniques, and their structures are a combination of wavelet filter banks and conventional DMT systems, therefore, the effect of inter-channel crosstalk and its relation with the filter’s order is also investigated. Computational complexity of the hybrid modulation techniques is also derived, and it is found to be greater than that of the conventional DMT system. Moreover, different methods are adopted for quantization of channel noise enhancement. A reconstruction error is derived to ascertain the quantity of channel noise enhancement in different subbands of the communication channel and also for this purpose, post equalization SNR is computed. A modified Non-Uniform DMT transceiver was proposed and implemented for the DSL channel. It is depicted through simulation results that the Non- Uniform DMT modulation shows some improvement in the post equalization SNR, and its modified form gives better performance, however at the cost of reduced data rate. The Uniform DMT modulation technique is proposed with a power-allocation algorithm for different sub- channels of the DSL and the power line channels. The Uniform DMT modulation performance evaluation through simulation results shows significant improvement in SNR in comparison with the conventional DMT system, at the cost of greater computational complexity, for the various DSL and power line channels.