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Resume and Webpage Builder [Bcs Programme]

Thesis Info

Author

Ghulam Murtaza; Ihtsham Baig; Majid Hussain; Waqar Hassan

Supervisor

Nabeel Tahir

Department

University of Management and Technology

Program

BSc

Institute

University of Management and Technology

Institute Type

Private

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2003

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

85 .

Language

English

Other

Report presented in partial requirement for BCS degree Advisor: Nabeel Tahir; EN; Call No: TP 005.740711 RES-

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676713015597

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نتیجہ بحث

نتیجہ بحث

فصل ہذا کے مطالعہ سے یہ امر واضح ہو جاتا ہے کہ قرآن مجید فصاحت و بلا غت کے اعتبار سے بے مثل کتاب ہے۔ علم معانی، علمِ بیان اور علم بلاغت کے ماہرین نے اس کی لسانی و ادبی خصوصیات کو اپنی نگارشات کا موضوع بنایا ہے۔قرآن مجید کے اسالیبِ بیان اپنی اثر پذیری میں بے مثل ہیں۔التفات، تجانس ،تشابہ،تضاد، مغایرت، سجع، نظم اور استفہام اہم اسالیب شمار ہوتے ہیں۔اسلوبِ استفہام ، متعدد حِکم و فوائد کا حامل ہونے کے باوصف، ارسالِ دعوت کا منفرد اسلوب ہے۔ درحقیقیت سوالیہ انداز ، مخاطب کی توجہات کو پوری طرح مبذول کرنے اور حصولِ آمادگی کا اہم ذریعہ ہیں۔ قرآن مجید میں استفہام کسی حقیقیت کے اثبات اور نفی دونوں کیلئے استعمال کیا گیا ہے، اور غورو فکر پر آمادہ کیا گیا ہے۔تاکید واقرار ، ترغیب و عبرت پذیری،، تحقیر و توبیخ اور تعجب و نوازش کے مقاصد کے تحت اس کا استعمال ہوا ہے۔قرآن مجید میں آیات استفہام کا منفرد ادبی اسلوب موجود ہے۔

توظيف اللون ودلالته في (المحلى بـ هل) لـ"مهدي النُهيْريّ"

يتناول هذا البحث التوظيف اللوني في شعر الشاعر مهدي النُهيْريّ اعتماداً على منهج البحث الوصفي التحليلي الذي يقوم على استنطاق اللون ومواضعه في قصائد النُهيْريّ، ومحاولة استنطاق النصوص الشعرية التي تحمل ألفاظ الألوان وبيان دلالاتها، وقد جاء البحث موزعا على خلاصة البحث، ومقدمة البحث، ونبذة عن حياة الشاعر، وتعريف موجز للّون لغة واصطلاحا، ثم خلفية البحث التي هي مادة البحث الرئيسة وقد اقتصر البحث على دراسة الألوان الرئيسية في المجموعة الشعرية(المحلى بـ هل)، يتلوها خاتمة بالنتائج التي توصل إليها البحث مع قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة فقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: مثَّل اللون تصويراً جمالياً امتزج مع نصه الشعري. واستعمل الشاعر التقنية البصرية اللونية كأداة في إنتاج النص الإبداعي الشعري بحرفية وفنية متقنتين، فكان الرسام الشاعر والعكس صحيح.

An Analysis of the Impact of Government Budget Deficit on the Key Macroeconomic Variables in Pakistan: 1960-2005

The aim of this study was to achieve three main objectives. Firstly to analyze the impact of budget deficit on macroeconomic variables, secondly to analyze the effect of domestic bank borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit and thirdly to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables. Annual data for the sample period 1960-2005, taken from Economic Surveys of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics was used. Simultaneous equation model was used to investigate the mechanism through which the monetary and fiscal impulses were channeled and then their effects were transmitted to other macroeconomic variables. The effects of increase in money supply due to borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowing to finance budget deficit were channeled through private and public investment to other macroeconomic variables. Linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of domestic borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was used to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables, using the impulse response function (IRF) and the error variance decomposition analysis. The stationarity of the time series data was checked by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select the optimum lag. Johansen Likelihood Ratio (LR) test was used to ascertain the cointegration in the regressions used for analysis. Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) was used to analyze the existence of short term disequilibrium in the model. The study revealed that fiscal and monetary variables are important to determine the macroeconomic stability in Pakistan. The expansion in government capital expenditure through money supply for two cases (short term/long term) indicates that this policy in short term had no favorable impacts upon Pakistan economic development in terms of crowding-in effects. The rapidity of adjustment during the whole process towards long run steady state was very low. In the long-term this policy had favorable impacts on both private and public investment (crowding-in effects).The short-term and long-term policies both had favorable impact in terms of output development. It results in gain of better internal performance in terms of consumption expenditure, capital expenditure and balance of trade. In short-term domestic outputs adjust previous discrepancy in the same period, and had the capacity to gain competitiveness and a better external performance. The short-term policies for foreign sector were uncertain. A short-term result indicates that frequent devaluation will not improve trade balance but would increase the cost of production. The long-term policies had favorable impact in terms of foreign sector development. Income elasticity of export was less than the income elasticity of import. Instead of having favorable impact of devaluation on foreign sector in long-term, Pakistan trade balance deteriorated in line with deterioration in foreign assets stocks. The employment generating capacity of output growth was low. Budget deficit financing in terms of borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowing had almost the same capability of financing budget deficit, but the financing elasticity of foreign borrowing with respect to budget deficit was greater than one, indicating that Pakistan relies mostly on foreign borrowing for deficit financing, which results in foreign reserve outflows. Any innovation of one standard deviation towards economic growth and budget deficit took seven years for each one to become effective, while for unemployment it took eight years and for poverty reduction it took more than ten years to become effective. The response of the four macroeconomic variables (Economic growth, budget deficit, unemployment, and poverty) to innovations or impulses introduced were mostly explained in their own. Only two unilateral causality were present, and mostly independent type relationships were detected. Based on the finding of the study it is recommended that government should give priority to long-term private/public investment policies, which can gain better results in economic growth, poverty alleviation and unemployment reduction. Export sector needs more attention in terms of quality standard, price control, and internationally adopted marketing strategies. Parallel and effective running of monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies are needed to reduce balance of payment deficit. Market based economy development, privatization, skill development, and merit based recruitment policies may also accelerate employment generating capacity of output growth. The existing fiscal policy needs alteration in terms of objective achievement and prolonged channels towards implementation. Multidimensional fiscal policies with coordination of monetary policy will be appropriate to combat all the macroeconomic evils. Domestic sources of deficit financing should encourage to deter foreign reserve outflows. Three separate government policies in respect of budget deficit reduction indicates that the reduction in government expenditure (capital or consumption) exerts the most undesirable influence on the overall macroeconomic performance, and domestic source financing policy produces favorable impact compared to foreign borrowing financing. Hence, the reduction in government expenditure in order to reduce the budget deficit is not the best strategy and especially the policy of reducing government capital expenditure. The government expansionary monetary policy for budget deficit reduction would have some positive effects on Pakistan‘s economy, but the government has to be conscious about the inflationary effects of this policy.