اسلامی ریاست میں قیادت کے راہنما اصول اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

Islamic state is responsible to provide the means of protection for its inhabitants. It is the religious and spiritual duty of Islamic state to protect the Islamic culture and civilization as well so that the Muslims could perform their religious and social duties freely. Likewise, an Islamic state is supposed to ensure justice into the society. It indicates that establishing an Islamic state is core responsibility of Muslims so that they could practice their religion in free atmosphere and religious leadership. In this connection, the purpose of this research paper was to explore the principles of leadership in an Islamic state. The qualitative and descriptive research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that Muslim scholars have given particular emphasized on establishing the Islamic state. Moreover the jurists have counted the essential qualities in Islamic leadership. In this context, this article has dealt with the ideal principles which are necessary for the Islamic leadership. These principles are extracted from Qur’ān, Sunnat and. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of life

Evaluation of Potential Biotic Stress Resistance Genes Form Gossypium Arboreum

Cotton is the most important fibre crop of the world. Pakistan is the fourth major contributor in cotton production. In our country a viral disease caused by cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) is the most important factor limiting cotton production of widely cultivated Gossypium hirsutum varieties since the induction of the disease in this region. Gossypium arboreum is the cotton species that is resistant to this disease. Cotton scientists are working to find the key genes in G. arboreum that confer resistance against cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The present study is also an effort to find some potential biotic stress resistance genes from G. arboreum and the evaluation of some genes against CLCuV infection. Different approaches were employed to identify some potential biotic stress resistance genes from G. arboreum. These approaches include screening of G. arboreum leaf cDNA library, finding homologs of resistance genes in the ESTs database of G. arboreum and their screening in G. arboreum and CLCuV symtomatic and asymtomatic plants of G. hirsutum genotypes, cloning of resistance genes from G. arboreum and G. hirsutum using degenerate primers approach and isolation of full length putative biotic stress resistance genes from G. arboreum in RT-PCR. The identified full length genes were coding full length allene oxide synthase, hydroperoxide lyase and calreticulin proteins that were cloned in plant expression vector and were transformed in Nicotiana tabacum through Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The T1 generation of transgenic plants was inoculated with cotton leaf curl multan virus (CLCuMuV) through leaf infiltration. The virus presence and titre in inoculated plants was determined through conventional and realtime PCR respectively. No significant difference in virus titer was detected in all transgenic plants with respect to control plants. It is inferred that resistance against CLCuV might not be due to single gene. Multiple genes might be involved in conferring resistance against this disease. The various approaches adopted in this study to identify possible resistance genes against CLCuV infection resulted in identification and isolation of a set of genes. Theses genes are a valuable source to study their interaction against various coton pathogens and can be utilized to improve resistance level of susceptible G. hirsutum and other plant species.